Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and catalase (CAT) are the major intracellular antioxidant enzymes that can detoxify hydrogen peroxide into water, preventing cellular injury from reactive oxygen species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of GPx1 P198L (Pro198Leu, C559T, rs1050450) and CAT C-262T (rs1001179) genetic polymorphisms with the risk of PCOS and evaluate the effects of the genotypes on clinical, hormonal, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in Chinese women. Methods: This is a case-control study of 654 patients with PCOS and 535 controls. The GPx1 P198L, CAT C-262T, and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) A16V genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction analysis. Clinical, hormonal, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters were also analyzed. Results: The frequencies of the PL + LL genotype (14.1 vs. 8.4%) and L allele (7.3 vs. 4.4%) of GPx1 P198L polymorphism were significantly higher in patients with PCOS than in control subjects. Genotype (PL + LL) remained a significant predictor for PCOS in prognostic models including age, body mass index (BMI), insulin resistance index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as covariates (OR = 2.105, 95%CI: 1.330–3.331, P = 0.001). Patients carrying the L allele had relatively high average ovarian volume, waist circumference, and malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.07) compared with patients with the PP genotype. We also demonstrated that the subjects with both GPx1 L and SOD2 A alleles further increase the risk of PCOS compared with the individuals carrying the PP/VV genotype after adjusting for age and BMI (OR = 5.774, 95%CI: 2.243–14.863, P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in the frequencies of the CAT C-262T genotypes and alleles between PCOS and control groups. Conclusions: The GPx1 P198L, but not CAT C-262T, genetic polymorphism is associated with the risk of PCOS in Chinese women.

Background: With rapid population ageing, depressive symptoms in older adults have become a pressing public health concern. While functional dependency is a known risk factor, the impact of changes in dependency over time remains unclear. Objective: To examine the association between changes in daily living dependency and incident depressive symptoms in older adults across international cohorts. Methods: We used data from 46 327 adults aged ≥50 years across four longitudinal ageing studies: China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (China), Health and Retirement Study (USA), English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (England) and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (Europe). Daily living dependency was classified into three levels based on difficulties in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs). Change in dependency was assessed using baseline and 2-year follow-up data. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depressive symptoms Scale or the European Depression Scales (EURO-D). Cox proportional hazard models estimated HRs and 95% CIs for incident depressive symptoms over a median follow-up of 4.2–5.1 years. Findings: A total of 12 902 new depressive symptom cases occurred during follow-up. Compared with participants whose dependency status remained unchanged, those who recovered to independency had a significantly reduced risk of depressive symptoms. Functional deterioration, including transitions from independency to ADL or IADL dependency, was associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms (both pooled HRs 1.55), while functional improvement, from ADL or IADL dependency to independency, was linked to reduced risk (HRs 0.83 and 0.80, respectively). Conclusions: Improvement in ADL dependency is linked to a lower risk of depressive symptoms, while worsening dependency significantly increases depressive symptoms risk. Clinical implications: Routine assessment of functional status and early interventions to maintain or restore daily living independency may help prevent depressive symptoms in older adults. Targeted rehabilitation and support services could play a key role in reducing the mental health burden of ageing populations.

Background: Isolated Prevotella intermedia, a rare gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium, is rarely detected in clinical practice. It has been associated with infections of the oral cavity and female genital tract, but has never been detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients in China. Accurate detection of causative pathogens is still an arduous task owing to the difficult conditions of anaerobic bacterial culture. Isolated Prevotella intermedia can be detected by metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS) of the CSF. Correct diagnosis and antibiotic treatment can help patients avoid life-threatening events. Case presentation: Herein, we describe the case of a 64-year-old Chinese woman who presented with typical features of meningoencephalitis. Routine CSF culture failed to identify the causative pathogen. Isolated Prevotella intermedia was detected by mNGS, and the patient was treated with antibacterial agents including ceftriaxone, vancomycin, moxifloxacin, meropenem, metronidazole, and linezolid. The patient underwent surgical treatment for abscess of left frontal parietal lobe, which was observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and was suspected to be caused by Prevotella intermedia. It was further confirmed that it was a secondary infection from the oral cavity, and the possible etiology might have been dental surgery. Treatment was rendered to the patient based on metagenomic test result, and her condition improved after two months. Conclusions: This case highlights the role of mNGS in accurate diagnosis of patients with central nervous system infection. In particular, mNGS can be used to identify rare pathogens and confirm the diagnosis in patients with unknown etiology.

Generally, Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is more common in diabetes mellitus (DM), especially in subjects with coexisting diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and/or long-term DM. Based on the analysis of nerve conduction velocity (NCV), the prevalence of CTS and the features of nerve injury were retrospectively explored in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this cohort, there were 353 T2DM patients who were hospitalized in Taiyuan Central Hospitalbetween January 2018 and January 2019. The pathological rates of NCVs between the left and right median nerves were compared, including the gender effect. The examinations were mainly directed to analyze the median nerve injury features. Among 353 patients, 139 patients (39.3%) presented with CTS. These 139 T2DM patients with CTS were then divided into groups based on the nerve injury location and injured nerve type. The prevalence of sensory nerve injury (SNI) was higher than that of motor nerve injury (MNI). The CTS patients had a significantly higher occurrence rate of SNI than MNI (P < 0.05). The abnormal rate of sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV, P = 0.01) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV, P < 0.05) were higher in the right median nerve. No significant differences were detected for other nerves on either side. Significant differences in abnormal rates of SCV of the left (P = 0.04) and the right (P = 0.03) median nerves between the two genders were found. There were no significant abnormalities for other nerves on either side and either gender. Early screening of NCV is needed for T2DM patients to detect CTS with a high prevalence rate. This study suggests that early detection of NCV can identify CTS in the absence of clinical conditions and SNI may occur earlier in long-term T2DM patients with CTS.

Hemodynamic depression (HD) is a complication after carotid artery stenting (CAS). However, there are existing controversies in predicting postoperative risk factors and subsequent clinical outcomes, especially in high-risk patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the rate of incidence, clinical predictors, and clinical significance associated with persistent HD (p-HD) pathology, as well as obstinate persistent HD (op-HD) after CAS in our center. We retrospectively analyzed 162 consecutively recruited carotid arteriosclerotic stenosis (CASS) patients who received interventional therapy in our hospital between September 2020 and September 2022. The acute/subacute effects of proximal internal CAS on p-HD and op-HD were studied to explore the relationship between CAS and perioperative adverse events. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of p-HD after CAS. Pathological associations between p-HD/op-HD and clinical events at the 30-day time point were analyzed. Of 162 patients, 18.5 % (n = 30) patients had p-HD, while op-HD was observed in 5.6 % (n = 9) of patients. Hypertension (OR: 8.73; 95 % CI: 1.05–72.90; P = 0.045), history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) (OR: 4.05; 95 % CI: 1.55–10.59; P = 0.004), coronary artery disease (CAD) (OR: 3.38; 95 % CI: 1.29–8.89; P = 0.013), and distance from the carotid bifurcation to the lesion with maximum stenosis (OR: 2.467; 95 % CI: 1.02–5.93; P = 0.044) were significantly associated with p-HD onset. Patients with either p-HD or op-HD suffered from longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays (all P < 0.001) and were associated with a higher risk of stroke (P = 0.003; P < 0.001). Our data suggest that hypertension, previous stroke/TIA, CAD, and distance from the carotid bifurcation to the lesion with maximum stenosis may play roles in the development of p-HD after CAS. Moreover, this study indicates that either p-HD/op-HD can be associated with the risk of clinical adverse events, especially stroke.

Background: Exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy for enhancing cognitive function among various populations. The aim of our systematic review was to synthesise evidence of the effects of exercise on cognitive function in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Methods: A comprehensive search of four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE was conducted from each database inception through 1 April, 2025. This review investigates the impact of exercise intervention on the cognitive function of children and adolescents with overweight or obesity through randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2, and the treatment effects were analyzed through random-effects or fixed-effects models, with Hedges’ g serving as the metric for effect size estimation. I ² statistics assessed heterogeneity, and leave-one-out analysis verified result stability. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the FITT principle, including exercise frequency, intensity, and time. Results: The meta-analysis of 15 RCTs, including 1,210 children and adolescents with overweight or obesity revealed that exercise significantly improved executive function ( g = 0.39, 95% CI:0.12 to 0.66, p = 0.0043). No significant effects were observed for other aspects of attention and memory ( p >0.05). Subgroup analysis identified that exercise with a frequency of >3 sessions per week (g = 0.39, p = 0.0257), moderate-to-vigorous intensity ( g = 0.50, p = 0.0132), exercise interventions ≥10 weeks ( g = 0.41, p = 0.0184), single session duration >30 min ( g = 0.41, p = 0.0139), and weekly exercise volume > 120 min ( g = 0.28, p = 0.00236) had higher effect sizes in improving executive function in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Subgroup analyses revealed that exercise frequencies 15 weeks ( g = 0.98) significantly enhanced attention ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that exercise interventions significantly improve executive function and attention in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. In particular, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise performed more than three times per week, for over 30 min per session, and sustained for at least 10 weeks appears to represent the optimal training parameters for improving executive function. These findings support the use of exercise as a cognitive enhancement strategy. However, larger-scale studies are needed to confirm its effects on other cognitive domains. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251078572 , Identifier: CRD420251078572.