Road mortalities caused by wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) are the most obvious negative effect of roads on wildlife. Identifying the influencing factors and summarizing the spatial-temporal patterns of WVCs have been important research trends in recent decades. However, most studies have only considered a portion of the factors, and there remains a lack of a relatively complete framework, including the numerous factors of WVCs, as well as the underlying transmission mechanisms between factors. In this study, an analytical framework incorporating a wide range of previously discussed factors is constructed. The framework not only displays the possible direction of the influence of each factor on WVCs, but also summarizes some important potential explanations under some circumstances and reveals the main interactions between certain types of factors. From one perspective, the factors affecting WVCs can be divided into four categories: species characteristics, road and traffic characteristics, landscape and environmental characteristics, and driver-related factors and specific human activities. From another perspective, the factors affecting WVCs can be mainly categorized as those related to entering roads and those related to leaving roads safely. The study begins with a discussion of three important sub-frameworks: factors promoting road crossing, factors related to barriers to movement, and factors related to safe crossing. Finally, a suggestion is provided to promote the research on WVCs globally.