Photoluminescence of SnO₂ nanoparticles.

The role of quantum dots (QDs) of SnO₂ in detecting low concentrations of methane (CH₄) at a relatively low temperature of ∼150 °C with high response (S ∼ 3.5%) and response time below 1 min is reported. A simple room temperature single step chemical process was adopted for the growth of SnO₂ nanoparticles of a size around 2.4 nm. These nanoparticles were subsequently annealed at 800 °C to increase the grain size to 25 nm. The as-prepared SnO₂ nanoparticles, being smaller than the corresponding Bohr radius (2.7 nm), showed a strong quantum confinement effect with a blue shift in the band gap energy from 3.6 eV for the bulk SnO₂ to 4.37 eV for the QDs. These QDs exhibited a strong sensing response to CH₄ in comparison to the annealed sample. A low activation energy of 90 meV, as estimated from the temperature dependent S plot for SnO₂ QDs, was found to be the driving force for such unusual high sensitivity at a low operating temperature. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, along with Raman spectroscopy measurements are used for the detailed structural studies. The critical role of the chemisorbed oxygen species present at different operating temperatures on the surface of the off-stoichiometric quantum sized SnO₂ and bulk-like annealed samples are discussed in light of the adsorption kinetics.

Role of “O” defects in sensing pollutant with nanostructured SnO₂ is not well understood, especially at low temperatures. SnO₂ nanoparticles were grown by soft chemistry route followed by subsequent annealing treatment under specific conditions. Nanowires were grown by chemical vapor deposition technique. A systematic photoluminescence (PL) investigation of “O” defects in SnO₂ nanostructures revealed a strong correlation between shallow donors created by the in-plane and the bridging “O” vacancies and gas sensing at low temperatures. These SnO₂ nanostructures detected methane (CH₄), a reducing and green house gas at a low temperature of 50 °C. Response of CH₄ was found to be strongly dependent on surface defect in comparison to surface to volume ratio. Control over “O” vacancies during the synthesis of SnO₂ nanomaterials, as supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and subsequent elucidation for low temperature sensing are demonstrated.