Allergic disorders rising in prevalence globally, affecting a substantial proportion of individuals in industrialized nations. The imbalance in the immune system, characterized by elevated allergen-specific T helper 2 (Th2) cells and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, is a key factor in allergy development. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment capable of alleviating allergic symptoms, preventing new sensitizations, and reducing asthma risk in allergic rhinitis patients. Traditional AIT, however, faces challenges such as frequent administration, adverse effects, and inconsistent patient outcomes. Nanoparticle-based approaches have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance AIT. This review explores the utilization of nanoparticles in AIT, highlighting their ability to interact with the immune system and improve therapeutic outcomes. Various types of nanoparticles, including polyesters, polysaccharide polymers, liposomes, protamine-based nanoparticles (NPs), and polyanhydrides, have been employed as adjuvants or carriers to enhance AIT’s efficacy and safety. Nanoparticles offer advantages such as allergen protection, improved immune response modulation, targeted cell delivery, and reduced side effects. This review provides an overview of the current landscape of nanoparticle-based allergen immunotherapy, discussing its potential to revolutionize allergy treatment compared to traditional immunotherapy.

Cities confront massive issues like Disasters, climate change, urbanization, population growth, and economic growth; it is necessary to reduce their impact to the minimum possible. To accomplish this, A smart, resilient society intended to manage cities using Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and intelligent information technologies to improve the ability to resist, absorb, and adapt to external changes resulting in urban resilience. Beyond that, constructing a smart, resilient city is a more advanced strategy for reducing vulnerabilities to emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic and natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis. This study proposes a conceptual design for smart resilience cities and explores how a system can improve risk reduction and adaptation approaches and natural disaster recovery. Using various examples, the various states how smart cities' characteristics help cities be more resilient to disasters. The paper explains the differences and similarities between a smart city and a resilient city.