Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles in eukaryotic cells, which participate in metabolism and signal transduction, and regulate cell growth, differentiation, aging, and death. Metabolic changes of retinal cells and epigenetic changes of mitochondria-related genes under high glucose can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and induce mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. In addition, mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics also change adaptively. These mechanisms may be related to the occurrence and progression of DR, and also provide valuable clues for the prevention and treatment of DR. This article reviews the mechanism of DR induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, and the prospects for related treatment.

Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) is an intraoperative event observed during cataract surgery, characterized by iris billowing, progressive miosis, and iris prolapse. While prior studies have focused on male patients and α-adrenergic antagonists, risk factors for IFIS in females remain unclear. This study aimed to identify independent risk factors for IFIS in female cataract patients. Female patients undergoing cataract surgery at Shanghai General Hospital from 2022 to 2024 were included. A total of 298 patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study, and 416 in a cohort study. IFIS was assessed via surgical video, and logistic regression was used to identify risk factors, which were validated in the cohort. In the cross-sectional analysis, diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR=14.471, 95% CI: 2.183–95.929, P=0.006) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) use (OR=1.672, 95% CI: 1.057–26.774, P=0.043) were significantly associated with IFIS. In the cohort study, DM (P=0.023) and ARB use (P=0.039) remained independent risk factors. Diabetes and ARB medication are independent risk factors for IFIS in female cataract patients. Preoperative identification of these factors may help reduce intraoperative complications and improve surgical safety.