Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has become the standard for next-generation wide-field microscopy, offering ultrahigh imaging speed, superresolution, a large field-of-view, and long-term imaging. Over the past decade, SIM hardware and software have flourished, leading to successful applications in various biological questions. However, unlocking the full potential of SIM system hardware requires the development of advanced reconstruction algorithms. Here, we introduce the basic theory of two SIM algorithms, namely, optical sectioning SIM (OS-SIM) and superresolution SIM (SR-SIM), and summarize their implementation modalities. We then provide a brief overview of existing OS-SIM processing algorithms and review the development of SR-SIM reconstruction algorithms, focusing primarily on 2D-SIM, 3D-SIM, and blind-SIM. To showcase the state-of-the-art development of SIM systems and assist users in selecting a commercial SIM system for a specific application, we compare the features of representative off-the-shelf SIM systems. Finally, we provide perspectives on the potential future developments of SIM.

We have experimentally confirmed sensitivity enhancement of a nanowire-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor structure. Gold nanowires with periods of 200 and $500\mathrm{nm}$ were fabricated, respectively, by electron-beam and interference lithography on a gold/SF10 substrate. Sensitivity enhancement was measured to be 44% compared with a conventional thin-film-based SPR structure for nanowires of $200\mathrm{nm}$ period and 31% for $500\mathrm{nm}$ when evaluated using ethanol at a varied concentration. This result is consistent with numerical data. Surface roughness is responsible for sensitivity reduction by more than 10%. More significant sensitivity improvement can be achieved by inducing strong localized plasmon coupling with finer nanowires.

A nanowire-based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensor has been investigated to evaluate the impact of design parameters of nanowires on the excitation of localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and the sensitivity enhancement of a LSPR biosensor. The results based on rigorous coupled wave analysis and finite difference time domain method indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with LSP excitation mediated by nanowires and that resonant coupling of LSPs through a nanogroove achieves larger field enhancement and sensitivity improvement than LSP excitation in a single nanowire. A specific optimization provided a nanowire-based structure with sensitivity increase by more than 23 times as well as good linear detection properties.

In this study, we investigated the sensitivity enhancement in nanowire-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA). The enhancement, enabled by the excitation of localized surface plasmons in gold nanowires, offers improved performance in sensitivity as well as in reproducibility and customizability. Calculation results found that a T-profile provides higher sensitivity than an inverse T-profile in general and also determined optimum design parameters. Our study on a nanowire-enhanced SPR biosensor demonstrates the potential for significant improvement in the sensitivity through the nanowire-mediated localized SPR.