CO₂ methanation offers a promising route for converting CO₂ into valuable chemicals and energy fuels at the same time as hydrogen is stored in methane, so the development of suitable catalysts is crucial. In this review, the performance of catalysts for CO₂ methanation is presented and discussed, including noble metal-based catalysts and non-noble metal-based catalysts. Among the noble metal-based catalysts (Ru, Rh, and Pd), Ru-based catalysts show the best catalytic performance. In the non-noble metal catalysts, Ni-based catalysts are the best among Ni-, Co-, and Fe-based catalysts. The factors predominantly affecting catalytic performance are the dispersion of the active metal; the synergy of the active metal with support; and the addition of dopants. Further comprehensive investigations into (i) catalytic performance under industrial conditions, (ii) stability over a much longer period and (iii) activity enhancement at low reaction temperatures are anticipated to meet the industrial applications of CO₂ methanation.

The rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) necessitate urgent and effective strategies for its capture and utilization. Among the various CO₂ valorization pathways, the conversion of CO₂ into methanol has gained considerable attention due to its dual role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and serving as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock. This review uniquely combines bibliometric analysis of 13,289 peer-reviewed publications (2012–2023) with an evaluation of Cu-based catalyst advancements, addressing critical gaps in the literature. A bibliometric analysis highlights the key trends, collaborations, and research gaps in the field. Among the catalytic systems, noble metals, though highly active, are uneconomical for large-scale applications, while non-noble metals, such as nickel, exhibit limited activity due to undesired reaction pathways. In comparison, Cu-based catalysts overcome these challenges by offering a balance of activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. Special emphasis is placed on the CO₂ to methanol conversion pathways, with insights into thermodynamic constraints, emerging solutions, and potential directions for future research. By consolidating the current state of knowledge, this review identifies significant opportunities for advancing CO₂ conversion technologies, particularly in methanol synthesis, positioning it as a promising strategy for sustainable carbon management and energy production.

Fine-tuning the local coordination and electronic structures of Ni-based pre-catalysts via ligand regulation promotes self-reconstruction and improves OER activity.