The plant Caralluma edulis is traditionally used against diabetes and inflammatory conditions in Pakistan. This study was designed to provide scientific validation of the traditional use of Caralluma edulis. Phytochemicals were extracted from the plant by different solvents (distilled water, methanol, ethanol, and acetone) using the Soxhlet’s extraction method. Bioactive compounds were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities (albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibition) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging activity, FRAP reducing activity) of different extracts from Caralluma edulis were assessed. The antidiabetic potential of Caralluma edulis plant extracts was determined in acute and subacute diabetic rabbit models. Oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant status were also estimated in MDA, CAT, and SOD levels. Results showed that the methanol extract yielded the highest contents of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant potential of the methanol extract were the highest among the tested solvents. The tested extracts did not show any remarkable antidiabetic activity in the acute diabetic model. However, all tested extracts demonstrated antidiabetic potential in the subacute diabetic model. No adverse effect was observed at the tested dose (200 mg/kg) of Caralluma edulis extracts in experimental animals. It is concluded that methanol is the key solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from Caralluma edulis. The plant can be used against inflammatory disorders and may prove a potential candidate for drug development. Long-term use of Caralluma edulis at the tested dose (200 mg/kg) showed antidiabetic properties in the animal model.

Objective The current study examined the antibacterial properties of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) against infectious strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and aimed to find a natural way to treat microbial diseases. The antibacterial substances such as bacteriocin have been produced by lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus served as probiotics and reduce the antibiotic resistance pressure. Methods L. acidophilus was isolated from a natural source (Yogurt) and grow on de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar media. The extraction of bacteriocin from MRS broth culture of one week incubation of L. acidophilus was done via ammounium sulphate precipitation method. Agar well diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of bacteriocin against these infectious strains. The values of zone of inhibition confirmed the potential of L. acidophilus as natural antibiotic agent. These test strains were characterized by Sanger sequence 16S ribotyping method. Key results In terms of temperature, pH and concentrations, the results demonstrated that bacteriocin expressed significant antibiotic activity. Bacteriocin showed maximum antibacterial effect against E.coli at 80 °C and against S. aureus at 100mg/mL and against E.coli at pH 5. The bacteriocin’s efficacy was compared with antibiotic amoxil (500mg) as a positive control. One-way ANOVA analysis showed statistically significant variations in mean zone of inhibition. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the bacteriocin produced by L. acidophilus has the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This antibacterial property of bacteriocin allows for potential treatments of various human and animal diseases, particularly against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Additionally, the findings indicate that the bacteriocin isolated from L. acidophilus becomes inactive at high pH levels and does not exhibit any bacteriostatic effects.