Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), the third largest produced pulse worldwide, is primarily grown on marginal soils often characterized by a phosphorus (P)-deficiency that severely hampers yields. The objectives of the study are to investigate the relationships between the P-acquisition, P-use efficiency (PUE) and the agronomical performances towards the developing varieties tolerant to the P-deficiency. We evaluate the impact of the P-deficiency on the growth, yield, germination and nodulation performances of seven chickpea cultivars grown in fields with a low-P soil availability, during two seasons. The adaptive mechanisms to maintain the efficiency of the physiological processes, such as the nitrogen (N)-fixing nodule function, germinability, and possibly photosynthesis, are revealed. In contrast, the large genotypic variation in the yield components, in the P and N acquisition, and in the PUE is observed, supporting the role of the nodules in the P uptake in P-deficient soils. The P-acquisition and utilization efficiencies are genetically decoupled, suggesting designing distinct breeding strategies to promote one or both PUE components. As an outcome, we identify a set of chickpea cultivars adapted to a region with a soil P scarcity, that exhibit efficient N and P metabolism and a superior productivity. This germplasm can be used in breeding programs for low-P input efficient chickpeas. This contributes to the implementation of eco-friendly farming practices while making the most of marginal soils.