Bio-inspired beehive-like hierarchical nanoporous carbon (BHNC) with a high specific surface area of 1472 m² g⁻¹ and a good electronic conductivity of 4.5 S cm⁻¹ is synthesized by carbonizing the industrial waste of bamboo-based by-product. The BHNC sample exhibits remarkable electrochemical performances as a supercapacitor electrode material, such as a high specific capacitance of 301 F g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹, still maintaining a value of 192 F g⁻¹ at 100 A g⁻¹, negligible capacitance loss after 20 000 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹, and a high power density of 26 000 W kg⁻¹ at an energy density of 6.1 W h kg⁻¹ based on active electrode materials in an aqueous electrolyte system. Moreover, an enhanced power density of 42 000 W kg⁻¹ at a high energy density of 43.3 W h kg⁻¹ is obtained in an ionic liquid electrolyte system, which places the BHNC-based supercapacitors in the Ragone chart among the best energy–power synergetic outputting properties ever reported for carbon-based supercapacitors.