In India, 78% of farmers are small and marginal, cultivating only 33% of the arable land but producing 50% of the food grain; their vulnerability to climate change poses a significant threat to the country’s food security. To enhance agricultural resilience, it is crucial to understand how these farmers perceive and integrate climate-smart technologies into their farming practices. A random sample of 240 farmers was selected for this study. An ex-post facto research design was employed to investigate farmers’ awareness of and adoption of CSAT and identify the significant variables influencing their decisions. The results indicate that approximately 74 per cent of farmers had low to medium awareness of CSAT, while around 83 per cent had low to medium adoption rates. Several factors were found to be significantly correlated with farmers’ awareness and adoption of CSAT, including education level, annual income, exposure to agricultural mass media, participation in extension programs, innovativeness, achievement motivation, risk orientation, and scientific orientation. Additionally, farmers faced various challenges in adopting CSAT, such as the high cost of inputs, limited knowledge about CSAT, and youth migration from rural areas. Based on the study’s findings, farmers emphasized the importance of involving them in decision-making processes related to the development of climate-smart technologies. They also highlighted the need for a timely supply of inputs and field visits to successful farms as effective means to promote awareness and adoption of CSAT. The comprehensive analysis of associated factors and empirical findings presented in this study will benefit private sector organizations, government extension agents, academics, and policymakers. By gaining insights into the determinants of CSAT adoption, these stakeholders can focus their efforts more effectively on promoting widespread adoption. Additionally, this study can inform policy decisions regarding the allocation of government resources to combat climate change.

Farming in India is experiencing a structural change leading to a crisis. The growth rate of agricultural output is steadily declining in recent years. The relative contribution of the farming sector to the total GDP has been decreasing over time increasingly. The present study was conducted in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat, India. Total 100 agricultural landholders from 20 villages were selected to identify factors experienced by them for avoiding farming as a livelihood by employing Ex-Post-Facto research design. It is observed that ‘r’ computed between factors to avoid agriculture as a livelihood and age (0.589), education (0.330), farming experience (0.250), occupation (0.446), livestock possession (0.207), annual income (− 0.236) was found to be significant at 0.01 level of significance. It could be observed from regression analysis that the personal factors had a powerful effect (0.730) on avoiding agriculture as a profession, influencing in a positive direction. Followed by this, economic factor (0.291) and social factor (0.229) also influenced positively and significantly. The information on the personal, social, economic, psychological, market, situational, labor and next-generation factors experienced by agricultural landholders is analyzed to have in-depth knowledge of each factor. The analyzed suggestions will help to make agriculture a profitable enterprise and attract the farmers and youths to continue the farming activities. The solution to the problem is not in a few packages and programs but in drastic changes in the present policies related to agriculture need to be focused. Other sector’s growth and development must not be at the cost of agriculture.

Analysis of deviation of precipitation in space, time and quantities, and its associated effect on the ecology is vital in coastal environments where the resource is highly variable and unpredictable. The present study is mainly concerned with the changing trend of rainfall and adaptation in a coastal region of Karnataka. This study is an effort to analyse one of the most important climatic factors i.e. rainfall, for analysing the trend for the area. Weekly rainfall data of 34 years from 1980 to 2013 has been processed in the study to find the seasonal and annual rainfall pattern using Mann-Kendall (MK) Test and Sen’s Slope estimation. Decreasing trend in annual rainfall was observed in Dakshina Kannada (-3.2 mm/yr.), whereas increasing trend was found in Udupi (4.9 mm/yr.) and Uttara Kannada (13.0 mm/yr.). In seasonal trend analysis of rainfall, a non-significant increasing trend is observed for winter, summer, and post-monsoon in all the three districts. While decreasing trends in monsoon rainfall are noticed in Dakshina Kannada (-7.1 mm/yr.) and Udupi (-1.8 mm/yr.). Its need to adapt to changing rainfall patterns brought about because of climate change, as water is the most vital element for farming. Adaptation strategies of farmers to agricultural crop production, soil and water conservation and flood management were analysed. The majority of the big farmers have adopted best coping mechanisms than small and marginal farmers as they have comparative advantages.

Despite scientific proof of the benefits and effects of fish consumption on human health, most Indians consume less than the recommended dietary amounts. The current study attempted to assess the knowledge gap of fish eaters regarding the health and nutritional benefits, along with identifying the factors that directly and indirectly influence the knowledge level of fish consumers. The fish eaters were surveyed during the F.Y. 2021–2022 with representative samples of 934 fish consumers from across ten districts of the Gujarat state in western India. Fish consumers were found to have insufficient knowledge about health and nutritional benefits, which stalled the growth of fish consumption in the region. The significant factors influencing the knowledge level of fish consumers were education qualification, fish quality evaluation criteria, number of children in a family, years of fish consumption and family size. The consumers were found to place greater emphasis on the fish quality evaluation parameters such as smell, appearance, nutritional value, product price and freshness. The study’s outcomes suggested that mass awareness programs should be planned to achieve higher levels of fish consumption in the region and the country.