Numerous essential oils have been researched as biopesticides because of their effectiveness and environmental safety. Nevertheless, encapsulation is necessary to improve its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antifungal activity of the Artemisia herba-alba essential oil (HAEO) encapsulated in succinic acid-modified β-cyclodextrin (SACD). Hydrodistillation was used to extract a yellowish oil from the plant A. herba-alba, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was performed to determine the chemical composition. The scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and docking studies were combined to validate the molecular inclusion of HAEO with SACD. The antifungal activity was examined against Botrytis cinerea by direct contact with a potato dextrose agar. The results showed that the main compound in HAEO was α-thujone (65.0). Furthermore, HAEO has been successfully incorporated into SACD with a binding energy value of 5.3kJ·mol⁻¹, and its thermal stability improved. At a 0.1 concentration, HAEO in encapsulated form showed a higher ability to inhibit B. cinerea (38.34), compared to EO in free form (12.00). Thus, these findings produced evidence that the strategy of encapsulating EOs by SACD can develop novel B. cinerea inhibitors and a promising alternative biopesticide.

Quinoline is a bicyclic aromatic heterocycle composed of a fused benzene and pyridine ring, and it has held an important place in medicinal chemistry for nearly two centuries. F. Runge first isolated it from coal tar in 1834, and it was later found to form the structural core of well-known natural products such as quinine, camptothecin, and γ-fagarine. Its asymmetric electron distribution, amphoteric character, and ability to undergo both electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution confer considerable pharmacophoric versatility on the quinoline scaffold. This review covers the chemistry and therapeutic relevance of quinoline derivatives, with an emphasis on their pharmacological significance rather than on their synthesis alone. It begins with a brief account of the scaffold’s structural features and main synthetic routes, then examines the biological activities reported for quinoline-based compounds, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antitubercular, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, together with structure–activity relationships discussed at the level of specific ligand–target interactions where data allow. The last section covers more recent directions in quinoline-based drug discovery, including PROTAC degraders, kinase inhibitors, and multitarget-directed ligands, an area not extensively addressed in earlier reviews of this scaffold. The literature surveyed here shows that quinoline derivatives continue to serve as a versatile scaffold for generating new leads, linking established synthetic chemistry with current mechanistic and computational approaches. The continued diversification of quinoline-based chemotypes and their biological mechanisms reinforces the importance of this scaffold as a versatile platform for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.