With the development of urbanization, more and more commercial buildings are built in cities, which is resulting in a large amount of building energy consumption that threatens the ecological environment of the earth. Lighting energy in commercial buildings occupies a large proportion of consumption, and improving the quality of natural daylight in commercial atriums is of great significance for building energy efficiency as well as improving indoor comfort. This paper proposes a method for optimizing the daylight quality of commercial atriums. Starting from the perspective of parametric design, this paper investigates the current status and theoretical research on the natural daylight of commercial atriums in cold regions, taking Jinan, China, as an example. Dynamic daylight and glare simulations were performed using Rhino + Grasshopper and Ladybug + Honeybee for every design parameter in the system, followed by correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS to determine the degree of influence of each design parameter on the daylight quality of the atrium. Based on the results of the above analysis, the multi-objective optimization plug-in Octopus is used to find the combination of design parameters that can achieve the best indoor daylight. The results show that among a total of fourteen atrium design parameters, seven of them are significantly correlated with atrium daylight, and after regression analysis, it is found that the atrium design parameters affect the atrium daylight and glare in the following order: Skylight VT, Skylight ratio, Atrium inclination, Fabric coverage, Fabric VT, Wall reflectivity, Roof reflectivity. The optimal design parameters for commercial atrium daylight quality are obtained according to the Pareto front solution set, which provides some reference and ideas for improving the optimization of commercial atrium daylight in cold regions of China.

With the implementation of dual-carbon and new human-centric urbanization strategies, the renovation of old buildings in China was inevitable. In this study, we establish the carbon emission values of retrofitting building from the perspective of carbon emissions, and propose a carbon accounting calculation method. Meanwhile, according to an economic viewpoint, we propose carbon emission evaluation indexes, including carbon increments, carbon emission intensity, carbon saving during the operation phase, and the static payback period of carbon increments. We retrofitted a building in an old residential area in Jinan, which both extended the building’s life and met the energy consumption needs of modern buildings. Through the case study, the annual carbon emissions during the use phase were reduced by 80.64% after retrofitting, and the building materials generated carbon emissions during the materialization phase of 11.04 t CO₂/a. Considering the carbon increment factor, the comprehensive carbon emission reduction was 71.43%. The carbon increment per unit of building area was 110.32 kg CO₂/m², of which the carbon emission during the materialization stage accounted for 96.04%. Promoting low-carbon building materials and improving the energy efficiency would be an important means to reduce the carbon increments during building renovations. The static payback period for the carbon increment was 2.05 years, indicating that retrofitting measures were effective. Our work is informative for the development and quantitative assessment of low-carbon retrofitting programs for older buildings.

Atriums play an irreplaceable role within the plan of modern commercial buildings. However, the presence of skylights makes the atrium suffer from unfavorable conditions such as overheating, high energy consumption, and glare, which can be partially reduced by the sun-shading design of skylights. In this paper, we conducted a field test and questionnaire survey on the daylight quality of commercial buildings in cold zones in China to find out the current problems of daylight quality in atriums and to establish a model of commercial atrium. After the dynamic daylight and energy consumption simulation, the sensitivity analysis of daylight and energy performance is performed for the skylight and shading (SAS) design parameters under three shading types. Finally, the Pareto front solution set of optimized commercial atrium daylight, visual comfort, and energy performance for the three shading types has been obtained using a multi-objective search tool. The results show that SRR has the greatest effect on sDA, DGP, and EUI in all shading cases; while SGT has a greater effect on EUI than on daylight quality; FC has a greater effect on EUI than FV on EUI; and LS and LI have a more significant influence on daylight and visual comfort. The optimal SAS values of no shading, fabric shading and louvered shading were screened as SRR is 0.4–0.5, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass; SRR is 0.5–0.6, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass, FV is 0.5–0.7, FC is 0.5–0.6; SRR is 0.6–0.7, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass, LS is 100 mm/125 mm, and LI is 60–70°. It is expected that this study will provide some information and reference for the design of commercial atriums in cold zones in the future.

Through the detailed design of the passive design of the geometric parameters of the atrium, it is beneficial to achieve the design goal of a nearly zero-energy building. In the architectural design stage, the geometric design parameters of the atrium are verified and evaluated with different objectives such as energy consumption, carbon emissions, and costs, and then the most appropriate solution according to different design requirements is selected, which can reduce energy consumption and save costs. This paper proposes a method to optimize the energy consumption of a building’s atrium. Taking Jinan City as an example, this paper conducted 1260 energy consumption simulations for buildings with different geometric parameters of the atrium, based on the investigation of the geometric scale and energy consumption of the multi-story office buildings with near-zero energy consumption in cold areas with atriums. The degree of influence of each parameter on building energy consumption was determined. Finally, the parameter selection combination with the best effect is proposed. The results show that the selected four parameters are significantly related to energy consumption, and a new atrium design parameter was found through the combined analysis of the parameters: the body shape coefficient of the atrium. It was found that the importance of atrium design parameters on building energy consumption is as follows: the body shape coefficient of the atrium, the height-span ratio of the atrium (DSR), the atrium building volume ratio (VR), the skylight area ratio (SR), the atrium width-to-depth ratio (FDR). Seven groups of optimal design parameters were obtained by analyzing the design decisions with energy consumption as the target. Taking carbon emission and cost as the targets, three groups of optimal design parameters were obtained according to the Pareto frontier solution set, such as DSR = 2, VR = 0.13, SR = 0.1, and FDR = 2.5. It provides some references and ideas for the optimization of the energy consumption of the atrium of multi-story nearly zero-energy office buildings in the cold regions of China.

With the rapid development of urbanization, the emergence of more self-built buildings in the countryside has brought about energy waste problems and decreased comfort. Achieving the low-carbon goal and improving the quality of the human living environment through architectural and planning means have become vital issues. In this study, from a parametric perspective, model building and performance simulation are carried out using Rhino and Grasshopper, and a multi-objective optimization method and a neural network model are used as the theoretical basis to train the prediction model after data collection and processing. The model validation of R² = 0.988 and MSE = 0.0148 indicates that the model can accurately reflect the program’s performance. By establishing a rapid prediction model for the performance of rural residential buildings, decision-makers can perform performance predictions under various parameter combinations at the early design stage, facilitating the screening of building types with high energy consumption and costs. The method can improve the efficiency of decision-making at the early stage of design, help save decision-making costs by screening high-energy-consuming building types, improve the living conditions of residents, reduce carbon emissions, and contribute to the sustainable development of residential building renewal design in rural areas.

It is of great theoretical and practical significance to optimize and improve the design of rural human settlement units through system ecology analysis based on emergy evaluation indices. From the perspective of system ecology, the rural living environment system is multivariate and complicated, with strong correlations and obscure boundaries between levels. Therefore, the definition of a rural human settlement unit in China is proposed in this research and can be divided into three scales: the microcosmic scale, mesoscale, and macroscopic scale. This research adopted a new method for the design of rural human settlement units by adopting emergy as a common dimension in order to solve the problem of dimensionality disunity between resource environment elements and society economy elements. Through the establishment of the static emergy analysis model and dynamic emergy prediction model, qualitative and quantitative analysis approaches of the rural human settlement unit were combined. According to the design orientations of industry-invigorative, environment-friendly, and ecology-balanced, corresponding with production-living-ecology integration, emergy evaluation indices including the emergy self-sufficiency ratio, emergy investment ratio, net emergy yield ratio, environmental load ratio, and emergy sustainable indices were calculated and predicted by means of system dynamics simulation. The dynamic emergy prediction results showed that the emergy self-sufficiency ratio and emergy sustainable indices basically presented a decreasing tendency, from 0.34 to 0.15 and from 0.76 to 0.57, respectively, with the passage of time; the values of the emergy investment ratio, net emergy yield ratio, and environmental load ratio basically presented an increasing tendency, from 2.13 to 2.78, from 1.66 to 2.12, and from 2.23 to 3.61, respectively, with the passage of time. In practice, the evaluation method based on the emergy analysis of the technical strategies and spatial arrangements of the rural human settlement unit can provide data support for designing standards, planning guidelines, and creating constructional instructions for the rural living environment of China.