Type B trichothecenes commonly contaminate cereal grains and include five structurally related congeners: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), fusarenon X (FX), and nivalenol (NIV). These toxins are known to have negative effects on human and animal health, particularly affecting food intake. However, the pathophysiological basis for anorexic effect is not fully clarified. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential roles of the brain-gut peptides substance P (SP) and glucagon-like peptide-1_7-36 amide (GLP-1) in anorexic responses induced by type B trichothecenes following both intraperitoneal (IP) and oral administration. SP and GLP-1 were elevated at 1 or 2 h and returned to basal levels at 6 h following exposure to DON and both ADONs. FX induced the production of both brain gut peptides with initial time at 1 or 2 h and duration > 6 h. Similar to FX, exposing IP to NIV caused elevations of SP and GLP-1 at 1 h and lasted more than 6 h, whereas oral exposure to NIV only increased both brain gut peptides at 2 h. The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist Emend^® dose-dependently attenuated both SP- and DON-induced anorexic responses. Pretreatment with the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist Exending_9-39 induced a dose-dependent attenuation of both GLP-1- and DON-induced anorexic responses. To summarize, the results suggest that both SP and GLP-1 play important roles in anorexia induction by type B trichothecenes.

The optimization of material distribution is of great importance on shipbuilding project, which determines whether the production capacity of the ship is fully embodied. A workstation-oriented material distribution problem is formulated with reference to the production characteristics of shipyards. This problem can be considered as a complex vehicle routing problem (VRP) with capacity constraints, time windows and multiple distribution centers. In order to minimize the impact of distribution problems on production, a multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) that can minimize the sum of earliness and tardiness penalties is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm looks for near-optimal solutions for assigning distribution tasks and optimizing vehicle routing. Then, the evaluation of the solutions generated with MPGA is achieved with a priority-based heuristic algorithm. Simulation results of different cases show that the proposed MPGA allows logistics distribution system to operate more efficiently and solutions can be improved by 71% on average compared to those obtained with the traditional priority rule method.