Acetic acid and furfural (AF) are two major inhibitors of microorganisms during lignocellulosic ethanol production. In our previous study, we successfully engineered Zymomonas mobilis 532 (ZM532) strain by genome shuffling, but the molecular mechanisms of tolerance to inhibitors were still unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the responses of ZM532 and its wild-type Z. mobilis (ZM4) to AF using multi-omics approaches (transcriptomics, genomics, and label free quantitative proteomics). Based on RNA-Seq data, two differentially expressed genes, ZMO_RS02740 (up-regulated) and ZMO_RS06525 (down-regulated) were knocked out and over-expressed through CRISPR-Cas technology to investigate their roles in AF tolerance. Overall, we identified 1865 and 14 novel DEGs in ZM532 and wild-type ZM4. In contrast, 1532 proteins were identified in ZM532 and wild-type ZM4. Among these, we found 96 important genes in ZM532 involving acid resistance mechanisms and survival rates against stressors. Furthermore, our knockout results demonstrated that growth activity and glucose consumption of mutant strains ZM532∆ZMO_RS02740 and ZM4∆ZMO_RS02740 decreased with increased fermentation time from 42 to 55 h and ethanol production up to 58% in ZM532 than that in ZM532∆ZMO_RS02740. Hence, these findings suggest ZMO_RS02740 as a protective strategy for ZM ethanol production under stressful conditions.

Mangrove is an opulent and untapped ecosystem with great phytochemical diversity, making it suitable for the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. The goal of the study was to explore the pharmaceutical antibacterial and antioxidant resources from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata and Aegiceras corniculatum and gain insight into the diversity and novelty of compounds such as alkaloids, flavanol, polyphenols etc. A liquid extract was obtained by subjecting fresh mangrove leaves to maceration and Soxhlet extraction. Plant DNA barcoding was utilized to authenticate the identity of the samples under study. A few of the obtained sequences have been communicated to GenBank (OQ696049.1, OQ696050.1, OQ692575.1, OQ679419.1). The phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of polyphenols (TPC = 8.71, 8.51, 8.77 and 5.52 mg/gm of plant tissue, respectively); flavonoids (TFC = 12.42, 8.48, 5.26 and 13.903 mg/gm of plant tissue, respectively); and alkaloids (2.5, 3.81, 4.98 and 5.21 mg/gm of plant tissue, respectively). The antioxidant potential (radical scavenging activity) was scored to be 87.8%, 89.5%, 92.07% and 45.8% (DPPH assay was conducted), respectively. The antimicrobial analysis was performed on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. The MIC revealed maximum activity in Klebsiella pneumonia, while negligible activity was scored for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The analysis thus reveals that the plants under study may have better medicinal activity against respiratory tract organisms. In vitro biochemical analysis of different molecules present in the plants was performed using the Swiss ADME database. The present study thus reveals the preliminary compounds from selected mangrove plants that can be promising future anti-microbial therapeutics.

IL-34, a cytokine, discovered a decade before and is known to be a CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) ligand. Along with CSF-1R, it also interacts with syndecan-1 receptors and protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-ζ. Hence, IL-34 takes part in a number of biological activities due to its involvement in different signaling pathways. This review was done to analyze the recent studies on the functions of IL-34 in progression of diseases. The role of IL-34 under the physiological and pathological settings is studied by reviewing current data. In last ten years studies suggested that the IL-34 was involved in the regulation of morbid states such as inflammatory diseases, infections, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, neurologic diseases, and cancer. In general, the involvement of IL-34 is observed in many serious health ailments like metabolic diseases, heart diseases, infections and even cancer. As such, IL-34 can be regarded as a therapeutic target, potential biomarker or as a therapeutic tool, which ought to be assessed in future research activities

Terminalia bellirica and Glycyrrhiza glabra are renowned for their medicinal properties and rich antioxidant content. These plants have been integral to Ayurvedic medicine, treating various ailments for centuries. The present study investigated the nephroprotective effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Glycyrrhiza glabra in a Cisplatin-induced rodent model. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses were conducted using established biomarkers of renal function, such as serum creatinine, serum urea, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerular filtration rate, to evaluate the nephroprotective effects. In addition to biochemical parameters, renal histopathology was examined through H&E staining, revealing a significant reduction in tubular and glomerular injury following the administration of the plant extracts.