The strategies concerning modification of the complex immune pathological inflammatory environment during acute spinal cord injury remain oversimplified and superficial. Inspired by the acidic microenvironment at acute injury sites, a functional pH-responsive immunoregulation-assisted neural regeneration strategy was constructed. With the capability of directly responding to the acidic microenvironment at focal areas followed by triggered release of the IL-4 plasmid-loaded liposomes within a few hours to suppress the release of inflammatory cytokines and promote neural differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, the microenvironment-responsive immunoregulatory electrospun fibers were implanted into acute spinal cord injury rats. Together with sustained release of nerve growth factor (NGF) achieved by microsol core-shell structure, the immunological fiber scaffolds were revealed to bring significantly shifted immune cells subtype to down-regulate the acute inflammation response, reduce scar tissue formation, promote angiogenesis as well as neural differentiation at the injury site, and enhance functional recovery in vivo. Overall, this strategy provided a delivery system through microenvironment-responsive immunological regulation effect so as to break through the current dilemma from the contradiction between immune response and nerve regeneration, providing an alternative for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury.

A ECM-inspired heterogeneous scaffold promoted dura mater healing and inhibited fibrosis via microstructural/biochemical cues.

Osteogenic glue that reproduces the natural bone composition represents the final frontier of orthopedic adhesives with the potential to revolutionize surgical strategies against comminuted fractures. However, it is difficult to achieve an all‐in‐one formula, which could provide flexible and reliable adhesiveness while avoiding interfering with or even promoting the healing of glued fractures. Herein, an osteogenic glue characterized by inorganic‐in‐organic integration between amine‐modified mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (AMBGN) and bioadhesive gelatin‐dextran network (GelDex) is introduced as an all‐in‐one tool to flexibly adhere and splice bone fragments and subsequently guide fracture healing during degradation. Relying on such integration, a 4‐fold improvement in cohesiveness is presented, followed by a nearly 5‐fold enhancement in adhesive strength in ex vivo porcine bone samples. The reversible and re‐adjustable adhesiveness also enables glue to effectively splice intricate fragments from highly comminuted fractures in the rabbit radius in an in vivo environment. Moreover, well‐preserved organic–inorganic integrity during degradation of the glue guides sustained interfacial osteogenesis and achieve satisfying healing outcomes in glued fractures, as observed by the 2‐fold improvement in biomechanical and radiological performance compared with commercially available cyanoacrylate adhesives. The current findings propose an all‐in‐one solution for the fixation of bone fragments during surgery.

Sustained and intense inflammation is the pathological basis for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Effective antagonism or reduction of local inflammatory factors may help regulate the IVDD microenvironment and reshape the extracellular matrix of the disc. This study reports an immunomodulatory hydrogel microsphere system combining cell membrane-coated mimic technology and surface chemical modification methods by grafting neutrophil membrane-coated polylactic-glycolic acid copolymer nanoparticles loaded with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) (T-NNPs) onto the surface of methacrylic acid gelatin anhydride microspheres (GM) via amide bonds. The nanoparticle-microsphere complex (GM@T-NNPs) sustained the long-term release of T-NNPs with excellent cell-like functions, effectively bound to pro-inflammatory cytokines, and improved the release kinetics of TGF-β1, maintaining a 36 day-acting release. GM@T-NNPs significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in nucleus pulposus cells in vitro, downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors and matrix metalloproteinase, and upregulated the expression of collagen-II and aggrecan. GM@T-NNPs effectively restored intervertebral disc height and significantly improved the structure and biomechanical function of the nucleus pulposus in a rat IVDD model. The integration of biomimetic technology and nano-drug delivery systems expands the application of biomimetic cell membrane-coated materials and provides a new treatment strategy for IVDD.

Stimulating the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is crucial for the scaffold materials used in bone tissue engineering. In this study, a silk fibroin (SF)/nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) scaffold was prepared, embedded with SF microspheres containing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and surface-modified through chemical conjugation with the type I collagen-mimetic peptide GFOGER. Surface-bound GFOGER and sustained BMP-2 release promoted the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation, respectively, of BMSCs. Our results indicated that this system released low doses of BMP-2 in a sustained manner, thereby avoiding cost and safety problems. The biological responses to this scaffold were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that the synergistic effect of GFOGER and BMP-2 promoted the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, thus leading to complete bone bridging of rat cranial defects after 12 weeks of implantation. This system might provide a powerful platform for treating bone defects and for bone tissue engineering.

Ferroptosis, caused by disorders of iron metabolism, plays a critical role in various diseases, making the regulation of iron metabolism essential for tissue repair. In our analysis of degenerated intervertebral disc tissue, we observe a positive correlation between the concentration of extracellular iron ions (ex-iron) and the severity of ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Hence, inspired by magnets attracting metals, we combine polyether F127 diacrylate (FDA) with tannin (TA) to construct a magnetically attracting hydrogel (FDA-TA). This hydrogel demonstrates the capability to adsorb ex-iron and remodel the iron metabolism of cells. Furthermore, it exhibits good toughness and self-healing properties. Notably, it can activate the PI3K-AKT pathway to inhibit nuclear receptor coactivator 4–mediated ferritinophagy under ex-iron enrichment conditions. The curative effect and related mechanism are further confirmed in vivo. Consequently, on the basis of the pathological mechanism, a targeted hydrogel is designed to reshape iron metabolism, offering insights for tissue repair.