In this work, a novel design of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and bi-metallic (Ag–Au) layers based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with barium titanate (BaTiO₃) and graphene is proposed. The proposed structure consists of SF10 glass prism, ZnO, Ag, Au, BaTiO₃, and graphene as a top layer for biomolecules adsorption. Here, the performance of this structure is studied and analysed for sensitivity along with the accuracy of detection and quality parameter for the shift in refractive index (RI) from 1.33 (sensing medium) to 1.45 and our reported results show that addition of bimetallic (Ag–Au) layers along with BaTiO₃, improve the sensitivity of the proposed structure to 14.85% for the same RI range compared to last reported MoS₂-graphene-based SPR sensor. Here at $\lambda =632.8\text{nm},$ maximum sensitivity is reported as 116.67 degree/RIU while the accuracy of detection and the quality parameter are obtained as 4.54 and 37.87 RIU⁻¹ respectively. These high-performance parameters of the design make this structure suitable for biosensing applications.

In recent years, geologists have put in a lot of effort trying to study the evolution of Earth using different techniques studying rocks, gases, and water at different channels like mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some of the methods include estimation of heat flux between the atmosphere and sea ice, modeling global temperature changes, and groundwater monitoring networks. That being said, algorithms involving the study of Earth’s evolution have been a debated topic for decades. In addition, there is distinct research on the mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere using isotopic fractionation, which this paper will take into consideration to form genes at the former stage. This factor of isotopic fractionation could be molded in QGA to study the Earth’s evolution. We combined these factors because the gases containing these isotopes move from mantle to lithosphere or atmosphere through gaps or volcanic eruptions contributing to it. We are likely to use the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratios to study the evolution of these channels. This paper, in general, provides the idea of gathering some information about temperature changes by using isotopic ratios as chromosomes, in QGA the chromosomes depict the characteristic of a generation. Here these ratios depict the temperature characteristic and other steps of QGA would be molded to study these ratios in the form of temperature changes, which would further signify the evolution of Earth based on the study that temperature changes with the change in isotopic ratios. This paper will collect these distinct studies and embed them into an upgraded quantum genetic algorithm called Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm or Quantum GTA.