Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the most widely used recordings in clinical medicine. ECG deals with the recording of electrical activity that is generated by the heart through the surface of the body. The electrical activity generated by the heart is measured using electrodes that are attached to the body surface. The use of ECG in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been in existence for over a decade, and research in this domain has recently attracted large attention. Along this line, an expert system (ES) and decision support system (DSS) have been developed for ECG interpretation and diagnosis. However, despite the availability of a lot of literature, access to recent and more comprehensive review papers on this subject is still a challenge. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the application of ES and DSS for ECG interpretation and diagnosis. Researchers have proposed a number of features and methods for ES and DSS development that can be used to monitor a patient’s health condition through ECG recordings. In this paper, a taxonomy of the features and methods for ECG interpretation and diagnosis were presented. The significance of the features and methods, as well as their limitations, were analyzed. This review further presents interesting theoretical concepts in this domain, as well as identifies challenges and open research issues on ES and DSS development for ECG interpretation and diagnosis that require substantial research effort. In conclusion, this paper identifies important future research areas with the purpose of advancing the development of ES and DSS for ECG interpretation and diagnosis.

Over the years, the overdependence on Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) for data transmission necessitated the need for an alternate and more reliable means of communication, hence, Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). It involves the use of Light Emitting Diode to transmit data by blinking (i.e. switching them On and Off) at a speed not noticeable to the eye. This paper proposed the development of the Li-Fi system using off the shelf electronic components. The proposed system utilizes an embedded system with dual-core Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) microcontroller (ATmega16L) interfaced to input/output circuits comprising of the Light Emitting Diode (LED), LM358N Operational Amplifier and a photodiode. Also, by developing a user (Receiver PC) interface using JAVA programming, the sample data (text) transferred was monitored and the speed, efficiency, security and capacity of the system was examined and discovered to be top notch. This would make the system an indispensable means of communication in the nearest future. This data transmission system is different from those in existence because expensive components were not in the design, invariably reducing the overall cost of the implementation.

Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of the society. Its components include knowledge, beliefs, norms, techniques, folkways, mores, laws, values, material culture, and universal culture. Health programs and interventions are more effective when they are “culturally appropriate” for the populations they serve. Each medical encounter provides the opportunity for the interface of several different cultures: the culture of the patient, the culture of the physician, and the culture of medicine. Peripheral, evidential, linguistic, constituent involving, and sociocultural strategies enable the health worker practice culturally sensitive healthcare delivery. Cultural targeting and cultural tailoring are applied to groups and individuals, respectively, by taking their peculiarities into account in making health care available to them. A combination of both approaches is recommended for optimal health outcomes. Cultural competency is the answer to the need for previously lacking cultural consideration in planning and delivering care. It enables the health worker overcome organizational and clinical barriers which continually impede efficient and effective healthcare delivery.