Ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the progression of diabetic wounds, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies to target ferroptosis. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a non-selective calcium channel that acts as a receptor for a variety of physical or chemical stimuli. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a specific TRPA1 agonist. In in vitro experiments, we observed that high glucose (HG) treatment induced endothelial cell ferroptosis, impairing cell function. CA successfully inhibited endothelial cell ferroptosis, improving migration, proliferation, and tube formation. Further mechanistic studies showed that CA-activated TRPA1-induced Ca²⁺ influx promoted the phosphorylation of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and nuclear factor-E 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation, which contributed to the elevation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), leading to the inhibition of endothelial cell ferroptosis. In addition, CA was incorporated into an MMP-9-responsive injectable duplex hybrid hydrogel (CA@HA-Gel), allowing its efficient sustained release into diabetic wounds in an inflammation-responsive manner. The results showed that CA@HA-Gel inhibited wound endothelial cell ferroptosis and significantly promoted diabetic wound healing. In summary, the results presented in this study emphasize the potential therapeutic application of CA@HA-Gel in the treatment of diseases associated with ferroptosis.

Rolling element bearings are critical mechanical parts that are prone to damage, and the detection of their incipient faults plays an important role in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of rotating machinery. The incipient fault characteristics of rolling bearings suffer attenuation from complicated transmission paths and, moreover, are overwhelmed by background noise, hence it is a challenging task to extract them from a complex environment of vibration signals. In contrast to traditional signal processing methods, stochastic resonance (SR) methods can utilize the noise to highlight incipient fault characteristics. However, most overdamped SR methods can hardly suppress multiscale noise, and the monostable, bistable and even tristable SR methods can hardly achieve arbitrary stable-state matching between various mechanical vibration signals and stable-state types. Combined with genetic algorithms (GAs) and the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm to simultaneously obtain the optimal system parameter, damping factor and damping factor of the new SR model, an improved underdamped periodic SR (UPSR) method with arbitrary stable-state matching in underdamped multistable nonlinear systems with a periodic potential for incipient bearing fault diagnosis is proposed. The periodic potential can achieve the matching between various vibration signals and arbitrary stable-state types and, moreover, underdamped SR can suppress the multiscale noise. To improve the performance in bearing fault detection, the signals in the actual engineering environment are preprocessed by prewhitening processing and a Hilbert transform. Therefore, the improved UPSR method is expected to possess a good ability for extracting incipient fault characteristics. Both simulated and experimental comparison with the underdamped bistable SR (UBSR) and fast-Kurtogram methods are adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the above two methods, the proposed method has better fault characteristic frequency extraction performance. The results show that the proposed method could be more suitable and widely used for incipient bearing fault diagnosis in background noise.

It is reported that there are approximately 2.2 million bone graft procedures every year due to injuries, bone tumors, marginal bone defects, and aging of the population. However, the scarcity of natural donors and graft rejection make it difficult to adequately fulfill clinical demands for bone repair. While β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is a key material in bone tissue engineering, it remains insufficient for treating large bone defects. Therefore, researchers have started investigating the combination of β-TCP with other biomaterials to achieve improved clinical outcomes. Such composite scaffolds possess excellent biocompatibility and effectively provide structural support to promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation—thereby accelerating new bone tissue formation. This review examines β-tcp-based composite scaffolds for bone regeneration, analyzing design innovations and biological mechanisms, and bone repair principles—with a focus on cellular dynamics and microenvironmental regulation. The discussion valuates β-TCP’s osteoconductive properties while addressing its clinical limitations in mechanical strength and degradation control. Additionally, it systematically elucidates the specific application of β-TCP-based composite scaffolds in bone repair. These include osteoinductive, osteogenic, osteoconductive and inflammatory regulation. Moreover, clinical translation progress is discussed, highlighting applications in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction and osteonecrosis management. Finally, we summarize that β-TCP composite scaffolds face challenges including poor mechanical strength, asynchronous degradation-regeneration, and manufacturing limitations. Future directions should focus on developing synchronously degradable materials and intelligent scaffolds via 4D printing and AI-optimized designs, and clinical translation systems to achieve precise bone regeneration.

Introduction: Using multi‐isocenter volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for total body irradiation (TBI) may improve dose uniformity and vulnerable tissue protection compared with classical whole‐body field technique. Two drawbacks limit its application: (1) VMAT‐TBI planning is time consuming; (2) VMAT‐TBI plans are sensitive to patient positioning uncertainties due to beam matching. This study presents a robust planning technique with image‐guided delivery to improve dose delivery accuracy. In addition, a streamlined sim‐to‐treat workflow with automatic scripts is proposed to reduce planning time.Materials: Twenty‐five patients were included in this study. Patients were scanned in supine head‐first and feet‐first directions. An automatic workflow was used to (1) create a whole‐body CT by registering two CT scans, (2) contour lungs, kidneys, and planning target volume (PTV), (3) divide PTV into multiple sub‐targets for planning, and (4) place isocenters. Treatment planning included feathered AP/PA beams for legs/feet and VMAT for the body. VMAT‐TBI was evaluated for plan quality, planning/delivery time, and setup accuracy using image guidance.Results: VMAT‐TBI planning time can be reduced to a day with automatic scripts. Treatment time took around an hour per fraction. VMAT‐TBI improved dose coverage (PTV V100 increased from 76.8 ± 10.5 to 88.5 ± 2.6; p < 0.001) and reduced lung dose (lung mean dose reduced from 10.8 ± 0.7 Gy to 9.4 ± 0.8 Gy, p < 0.001) compared with classic AP/PA technique.Conclusion: A VMAT‐TBI sim‐to‐treat workflow with robust planning and image‐guided delivery was proposed. VMAT‐TBI improved the plan quality compared with classical whole‐body field techniques.

Heterogeneous base stations (e.g., picocells, microcells, femtocells, and distributed antennas) will become increasingly essential for cellular network capacity and coverage. Up until now, little basic research has been done on the fundamentals of managing so much infrastructure-much of it unplanned-together with the carefully planned macro-cellular network. Inter-cell coordination is in principle an effective way of ensuring different infrastructure components behave in a way that increases, rather than decreases, the key quality of service (QoS) metrics. The success of such coordination depends heavily on how the overhead is shared, and the rate and delay of the overhead sharing. We develop a novel framework to quantify overhead signaling for inter-cell coordination, which is usually ignored in traditional 1-tier networks, and assumes even more importance in multi-tier heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). We derive the overhead quality contour for general -tier HCNs-the achievable set of overhead packet rate, size, delay, and outage probability-in closed-form expressions or computable integrals under general assumptions on overhead arrivals and different overhead signaling methods (backhaul and/or wireless). The overhead quality contour is further simplified for two widely used models of overhead arrivals: Poisson and deterministic arrival process. This framework can be used in the design and evaluation of any inter-cell coordination scheme. It also provides design insights on backhaul and wireless overhead channels to handle specific overhead signaling requirements.

High-precision spindle bearing is one of the most critical and vulnerable parts in a motorized spindle. Its unexpected failure may lead to production loss. Stochastic resonance (SR) is a weak signal detection method, which can obtain noise energy in strong background noise and enhance incipient fault characteristics of spindle bearing. Based on the fact that asymmetry can improve the enhancement ability of asymmetric bistable SR in weak feature extraction, we introduce an underdamped well-width asymmetric bistable SR (UABSR) method to the field of bearing fault diagnosis for the first time. However, the engineering application of UABSR can still be limited by two aspects. Firstly, the SNR index can take effect only when the actual fault frequency is obtained in advance, so the UABSR method is at high-cost in real practices. Secondly, an appropriate band-pass filter band range of the bearing faults can hardly be obtained due to the massive impulsive noise in operations. Here an improved UABSR method for spindle bearing fault diagnosis is proposed. Infogram method is used to process and analysis the original vibration signal for resisting the influence from the impulsive noise and obtaining more accurate frequency range of spindle bearing fault. In addition, time domain zero-crossing (TDZC) index, as the index of the improved UABSR method, can directly reflect the fault characteristics of spindle bearings without knowing the accurate fault characteristic frequency in advance. Besides, the Quantum Genetic Algorithms (QGAs) and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm are combined to simultaneously obtain the optimal system parameter, the asymmetric ratio, the damping factor and the rescaling factor of the improved UABSR model. Comparing the Infogram and original UABSR methods, the improved UABSR method performs better effect in incipient spindle bearing fault diagnosis.