In-vehicle information system (IVIS) use is prevalent among young adults. However, their interaction with IVIS needs to be better understood. Therefore, an on-road study aims to explore the effects of input modalities and secondary task types on young drivers' secondary task performance, driving performance, and visual glance behavior. A 2 × 4 within-subject design was undertaken. The independent variables are input modalities (auditory-speech and visual-manual) and secondary task types (calls, music, navigation, and radio). The dependent variables include secondary task performance (task completion time, number of errors, and SUS), driving performance (average speed, number of lane departure warnings, and NASA-TLX), and visual glance behavior (average glance duration, number of glances, total glance duration, and number of glances over 1.6 s). The statistical analysis result showed that the main effect of input modalities is significant, with more distraction during visual-manual than auditory-speech. The main impact of secondary task types was also substantial across most metrics, aside from average speed and average glance duration. Navigation and music were the most distracting, followed by calls, and radio came in last. The distracting effect of input modalities is relatively stable and generally not moderated by the secondary task types, except radio tasks. The findings practically benefit the driver-friendly human–machine interface design, preventing IVIS-related distraction.

Efficient and safe address entry is crucial to in-vehicle navigation systems. Although various text input methods (TIMs) are commercially available, to date, the details of the driver’s interaction...

Handwritten box size (HBS) is an essential Chinese handwriting interface element when interacting with touchscreen-based in-vehicle information systems (IVISs) since it is compactly bound up with d...

Auto-complete (AC) has become ubiquitous on domain-specific systems and is mainly divided into two types (static-AC and dynamic-AC). Specifically, static-AC only presents the possible completions n...

In-vehicle information system (IVIS) use while driving has raised concerns about driver distraction, especially for young drivers. To understand better their psychological factors, an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was employed to predict young drivers’ IVIS use intentions and behavior while driving. A two-wave longitudinal survey was conducted to explore the temporal effects of ‘intention–behavior’ causality. At Time 1, 236 qualified participants completed a main questionnaire assessing the standard TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control) and the extended constructs (descriptive norms, moral norms, and perceived risks). At Time 2, 145 follow-up questionnaires measuring self-reported behavior were successfully administered. The hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the standard constructs account for 36.5% of the intention variance and 41.2% of the behavior variance. The extended constructs additionally contributed 20.3% of intention variance. All variables were identified as significant predictors of intentions, except for perceived crash risks and perceived risks of being caught and fined. The sole significant predictor of prospective behavior was intention. Theoretically, the findings further support the efficacy of the TPB in explaining IVIS use while driving. Practically, it is helpful to design non-legal interventions that sustainably reduce young drivers’ engagement in IVIS-related distractions.

Labor relationship is a social economic relationship between laborers and labor users to realize the labor process. Whether the labor relationship is harmonious or not is related to the vital interests of employees and the sustainable development of enterprises. Some scholars put forward that the starting point of the study of labor relations was the 1860s, and western countries’ research on labor relations began to flourish in the 1930s. However, China’s research on labor relations is relatively late, which has caused problems such as low popularity of labor relations majors, obvious “imported goods” characteristics, unreasonable curriculum settings, and closed-style teaching. This paper mainly takes the form of literature research to study the direction of labor relations talent training, and analyzes its existing problems. At the same time, measures such as clarifying the direction of characteristic teaching, building a systematic knowledge system, clarifying the direction of employment, and building a multi-level curriculum structure and so on are put forward with a view to providing suggestions for the development of labor relations major.