We explored the elicitation role of the laser irradiations on the alleviation of nutrient-deficiency induced damage in anthocyanin-producing red-fleshed apple cell suspension in continuous production of anthocyanin. Anthocyanin-producing red-fleshed apple cells were irradiated by 4 intensity levels of red He-Ne (RHNL) and blue diode (BDL) lasers for 20 min. Nutrient deficiency indicated negative effect on total soluble proteins (TSP), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity, and total phenolics content (TPC) while it displayed a positive effect on malondialdehyde (MDA), total flavonoids content (TFC), O₂^-, H₂O₂^-_, and lipoxygenase (LOX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in light controls, illustrating oxidative stress. The laser irradiations on suspension cells indicated variable effects on measured parameters and were time of growth-, levels of intensity-, and laser type-dependent. Likewise, the elicitation effects of lasers relied on a critical threshold among ROS generation and antioxidative system which determines the fate of cells against oxidative stress. The same trend was displayed by RHNL at 6.46 mWcm^-2 intensity and BDL at 13.73 mWcm^-2. These intensities resulted in a significant increase in SOD, APX, POD, and CAT activities and TSP, TPC, TFC, proline, and glycine betaine accumulation, while induced decrease in LOX, and PPO activities and MDA, and ROS generation, alleviating cellular injury from prolonged nutrient deficiency by diminishing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damages of cell membrane. Results suggested that lasers application on mitigating nutrient deficiency stress relied on establishing a suitable balance between ROS generation and antioxidative system, which enables the nutrient-starved anthocyanin-producing cells to continuously produce anthocyanin.

This study investigates the influence of altitudinal gradients on the fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, flavonoid and phenolic content of eight hazelnut cultivars. Samples were collected from orchards at low (0–500 m), mid (500–1000 m), and high (> 1000 m) altitudes in Gilan province of Iran. Duncan’s test ( p ≤ 0.01) revealed that altitudinal gradients were significantly alternated the antioxidant capacity, phenolic, and flavonoid contents of hazelnut cultivars. With increasing altitude, a decreasing trend in the antioxidant capacity (ranged from 74.33 to 27.33%) and phenolic content (ranged from 380.22 to 104.68 mg GAE/ 100 g dw) was observed. In contrast, a fluctuating trend in flavonoid content was ranged from 60.33 to 170.99 (mg QE/g dw) across altitudinal gradients; subsequently Round cultivar showed the highest flavonoid at mid altitude. In terms of fatty acids, an increase in the biosynthesis of unsaturated acids, including oleic (46.93–82.37%) and linoleic acid (0.1–6.52%) occurred at high altitude. While an increase in the concentration of saturated acids such as palmitic acid (3.61–37.86%), behenic acid (0.11–0.55%), stearic acid (3.12–7.5%), arachidic acid (0.41–6.05%), 11-Eicosenoic acid (0.33–6.19%), and myristic acid (0.11–0.69%) happened at low altitude. It was found that the ratio of unsaturated/saturated acids increased along with rising altitude, and vice versa. Conversely, the production of palmitoleic, as unsaturated acids, and tetracosanoic and pentadecanoic acids, as saturated acids, induced at low and high altitudes, respectively. In contrast, under all three altitudes condition, the biosynthesis of the oxirane octanoic was enhanced remarkably. These results highlight that the alterations in biochemical and fatty acid profile of hazelnut were cultivar type-, altitude-, and altitude-cultivar type interaction dependents. This aspect validated by PCA and heatmap analysis, which segregated cultivars into distinct groups. This highlights the importance of environmental and genetic factors in shaping hazelnut quality. These findings underscore the significance of considering altitude and cultivar selection in hazelnut cultivation to optimize nutritional quality, which can be valuable to producers, breeders, and the food industry.

Plant cell cultures could be used as an important tool for biochemical production, ranging from natural pigments to pharmaceutical products. Anthocyanin is affected by a variety of factors. Light, an important plant environmental factor, influences the anthocyanin production in vegetative plant tissues. Here, we have investigated the influence of the blue laser-diode (BLD) and red laser-He Ne (RLHN) irradiation on the ability of apple cells in producing anthocyanin in suspension culture. Callus was induced from young leaf of apple and cell suspension cultures were subsequently formed from calluses. The normal cell suspension into L-shape tube test exposed to RLHN (6.46, 4.82, 1.54 mWcm-2 and 666.66 μWcm-2) and BLD(67.09, 32.74, 30.4, 13.73 mWcm-2) laser radiation for 20 min. Results showed that theanthocyanin production was enhanced significantly by both RLHN and BRD compared withdarkness and fluorescent light cells (P<0.05). The cell cultures exposed to 67.09 BLD and6.46 RLHN indicated highest total anthocyanin (TA) and total monomeric anthocyanin(TMA) contents, while cell cultures exposed to darkness and fluorescent light revealed lowestTA and TAM content, respectively. In addition, we have found that RLHN nearly increasedTA content as well as BLD. However, the BLD laser was more effective on TAM contentthan RLHN laser. At the minimum intensity, the RLHN laser could enhance TA contentwhereas scarcely affecting TMA content. Nevertheless, the BLD laser improved both TA andTMA contents. These results suggest that TAM production is impressed by quantity morethan quality by laser irradiation.