In the field of cultural heritage restoration, the removal of iron corrosion stains is a difficult problem to deal with, especially in stone materials. Many studies in recent years have been aimed at finding simple and reliable methods using non-toxic chelating compounds. The search for natural non-toxic compounds is therefore of great relevance, especially in the conservation of cultural heritage, where the use of toxic chemical compounds often involves risks for the environment and human health. Following this trend, the purpose of this preliminary work was to verify the use of two proteins, Lactotransferrin (Ltf) and Ovotransferrin (Ovt), for the removal of iron-based stains on marble surfaces. The two proteins, whose high affinity for iron “in vivo” has been widely documented, were extracted from their natural matrices. The protein extracts were then immobilized using a common cellulose pulp. The poultices obtained were spread on the surfaces of artificially stained marble specimens and, after a set time, were easily removed. The effectiveness of the removal, visually evident, was detected by spectrocolorimetry and image analysis. The surface analyses, before and after the treatment, carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed that both proteins have a selective and effective complexing capacity for the ferric ions of rust stains.

The investigation focused on the deterioration of the walls in the hypogeum of “San Pietro Barisano” rupestrian church, located in the Matera-Sassi (Southern Italy), one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites. The study evaluated the biocide activity of a mixture of natural glycoalkaloids (GAs) extracted from the unripe fruit of Solanum nigrum and applied to clean a hypogeum wall surface in the church affected by bio-patinas. The analyzed bio-patina, collected before treatment and, at pre-established times, after treatment, showed changes in chemical composition detected by XPS, accompanied by visible discoloration and biological activity variation. The biocidal action of the glycoalkaloids mixture, directly employed on the wall surface, was effective after about four weeks for most bio-patina colonizers but not for the fungal species that can migrate and survive in the porosities of the calcarenite. Consequently, the cleaning procedure requires the integration of fungicidal actions, combined with the consolidation of the surfaces, to obtain complete bioremediation and avoid subsequent biological recolonization. SEM images and associated microanalysis of pretreated bio-patina have revealed the biocalcogenity of some autochthonous microorganisms, thus preluding to their eventual isolation and reintroduction on the wall surface to act as consolidants once the bio-cleaning phase has been completed.

The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is the reference Research Infrastructure (RI) for the observation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) across Europe, providing standardised, long-term and high-precision measurements of the most relevant species (CO₂, CH₄, CO, etc.). The ICOS Atmosphere network currently extends throughout the continent, although the density of stations in the Mediterranean area is still low compared to Central and Northern Europe. In this context, the recently implemented class 1 continental station near Potenza in Basilicata, Italy—station code: POT—represents an important step forward in the extension of the ICOS atmosphere domain across the South, reducing the large spatial gaps existing between ICOS sites within the Mediterranean basin. Herein, we provide a description of the new ICOS POT station and the site where it operates, focusing mostly on the technical setup of the sampling system which plays a key role in GHG measurements. With a strong technical connotation, the present paper aims to be beneficial for the ICOS atmosphere community and those stations that intend to join the network in the future, providing an accurate description of the station at the level of single components. Moreover, a brief overview of the peculiarities of the site and the scientific perspectives to be pursued, together with very preliminary data collected at the new ICOS station, are presented. Preliminary data collected during a short campaign are compared with STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) model results as a first test of the measurements and to provide a first insight of the specific Potenza situation in terms of GHG concentrations.

Carbon isotope fractionation is an efficient tool used for the discrimination and differentiation of sinks and emission sources. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) are among the key drivers of climate change, and a detailed evaluation of variations in the ¹³C/¹²C ratio in either compound provides vital information for the field of atmospheric sciences. The Italian atmospheric ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) consortium is currently implementing δ¹³C-CO₂ and δ¹³C-CH₄ measurements, with four observation sites now equipped with Picarro G2201-i CRDS (Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometry) analyzers. In this work, results from the first two months of measurements performed at the Potenza station in southern Italy between 20 February and 20 April 2025 are presented and constitute the first evaluation of continuous atmospheric δ¹³C-CO₂ and δ¹³C-CH₄ measurements from an Italian station. These results provide a first insight on how these measurements can improve the current understanding of CO₂ and CH₄ variability in the Italian peninsula and the central Mediterranean sector. Although preliminary in nature, the findings of these measurements indicate that fossil fuel burning is responsible for the observed peaks in CO₂ concentrations. CH₄ has a generally stable pattern; however, abrupt peaks in its isotopic delta, observed during March, may constitute the first direct evidence in Italy of Saharan dust intrusion affecting carbon isotope fractionation in the atmosphere. This study also introduces an analysis of the weekly behavior in isotopic deltas.

This study describes a quite special and interesting atmospheric event characterized by the simultaneous presence of fresh and aged smoke layers. These peculiar conditions occurred on 16 July 2024 at the CNR-IMAA atmospheric observatory (CIAO) in Potenza (Italy), and represent an ideal case for the evaluation of the impact of aging and transport mechanisms on both the optical and microphysical properties of biomass burning aerosol. The fresh smoke was originated by a local wildfire about 2 km from the measurement site and observed about one hour after its ignition. The other smoke layer was due to a wide wildfire occurring in Canada that, according to backward trajectory analysis, traveled for about 5–6 days before reaching the observatory. Synergetic use of lidar, ceilometer, radar, and microwave radiometer measurements revealed that particles from the local wildfire, located at about 3 km a.s.l., acted as condensation nuclei for cloud formation as a result of high humidity concentrations at this altitude range. Optical characterization of the fresh smoke layer based on Raman lidar measurements provided lidar ratio (LR) values of 46 ± 4 sr and 34 ± 3 sr, at 355 and 532 nm, respectively. The particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) at 532 nm was 0.067 ± 0.002, while backscatter-related Ångström exponent (AEβ) values were 1.21 ± 0.03, 1.23 ± 0.03, and 1.22 ± 0.04 in the spectral ranges of 355–532 nm, 355–1064 nm and 532–1064 nm, respectively. Microphysical inversion caused by these intensive optical parameters indicates a low contribution of black carbon (BC) and, despite their small size, particles remained outside the ultrafine range. Moreover, a combined use of CIAO remote sensing and in situ instrumentation shows that the particle properties are affected by humidity variations, thus suggesting a marked particle hygroscopic behavior. In contrast, the smoke plume from the Canadian wildfire traveled at altitudes between 6 and 8 km a.s.l., remaining unaffected by local humidity. Absorption in this case was higher, and, as observed in other aged wildfires, the LR at 532 nm was larger than that at 355 nm. Specifically, the LR at 355 nm was 55 ± 2 sr, while at 532 nm it was 82 ± 3 sr. The AEβ values were 1.77 ± 0.13 and 1.41 ± 0.07 at 355–532 nm and 532–1064 nm, respectively and the PLDR at 532 nm was 0.040 ± 0.003. Microphysical analysis suggests the presence of larger, yet much more absorbent particles. This analysis indicates that both optical and microphysical properties of smoke can vary significantly depending on its origin, persistence, and transport in the atmosphere. These factors that must be carefully incorporated into future climate models, especially considering the frequent occurrences of fire events worldwide.

This paper describes the aerosol in situ laboratory at the CNR-IMAA (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale) Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO) in southern Italy, outlining its configuration and detailing each instrument and sampling line. CIAO has been collecting observations of atmospheric components since 2000. Initially, the activities revolved around aerosol lidar; radiosounding and cloud remote sensing observations were added over the years and made CIAO a leading atmospheric observatory in the Mediterranean region. In 2018, a significant upgrade was started to enhance the observational capability of the observatory by adding aerosol in situ instruments, with the objective to push new research boundaries for aerosol particle characterization and multi-instrument combined approaches. Here, we describe each technical implementation step for building up an extensive aerosol in situ laboratory compliant with ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and Trace gases Research Infrastructure) standard operating procedures. Starting from scratch, the long path was initiated in 2018 with the design of the laboratory in terms of instruments, container layout, inlets, and sampling lines, as well as required time and interactions with experts in the field. Reporting on all the details regarding the final solutions implemented at CIAO, this paper will be, for new aerosol in situ laboratories, a practical guide for the implementation of the aerosol in situ observational site.