This article represents the study of physical, optical, and electrical properties Cesium Titanium (IV) based single halide Perovskite absorbing materials for the optimum photovoltaic application. The validity of the selected base parameters for the basic and absorbing materials of the proposed solar cell structure FTO/TiO ₂ /Cs ₂ TiX ₆ /CuSCN/Ag where X is Br ^- , I ^- , Cl ^- , and F ^- has been used for that study. This article using the solar cell capacitance simulator-one-dimension (SCAPS-1D), has revealed the optimal solar cell device performance for the Perovskite materials (Cs ₂ TiBr ₆ , Cs ₂ TiI ₆ , Cs ₂ TiCl ₆ , and Cs ₂ TiF ₆ ) thickness at 1.5, 1.0, 1.0, and 2.5 μm, respectively. The optimum device temperature and absorbing layer defect density was found to be 20 °C and 10 ¹⁰ cm ^-3 for all the four absorbing layer. The resonance time period and the indirect band gap for the Cs ₂ TiBr ₆ , Cs ₂ TiI ₆ , Cs ₂ TiCl ₆ , and Cs ₂ TiF ₆ absorbing layer-based solar cell device is 0.53, 0.51, 0.51, 0.40, and 2.2, 2.1, 2.9, and 2.6 eV, respectively.

This research work represents a comparative study of the structural, optical, and electronic properties of Cs₂TiX₆ single halide perovskite solar cell (PSC). The entire work has been carried out by experimental work under ambient conditions and followed by the DFT method. Absorbing material structural parameters (lattice constant, shape), and band gap energy can be easily estimated from the DFT approach which can be compared with the result of experimental work. Our study shows Cs₂TiBr₆ PSC has better band gap energy of 1.80 eV (numerically) and 1.82 eV (experimentally), open circuit voltage 0.58 V, short circuit current 2.55 mA cm⁻² for the photovoltaic application. Also, the higher Zeta potential value of Cs₂TiBr₆ PSC indicates that it has better material stability and is less volatile compared to Cs₂TiI₆, Cs₂TiCl₆, and Cs₂TiF₆ PSCs. TEM images and the SAED pattern of the active layers show a higher degree of crystallite nature of the PSCs.On the other look, investigated PSC materials Cs₂TiBr₆, Cs₂TiI₆, Cs₂TiCl₆, and Cs₂TiF₆ have shown visible light emission edges at 358 nm, 375 nm, 363 nm, 735 nm wavelength, and the optical performance area of the Cs₂TiBr₆, Cs₂TiI₆, Cs₂TiCl₆, Cs₂TiF₆ samples is recorded up to 700 nm, 760 nm, 540 nm, and 660 nm wavelength, respectively.

The present work represents the use of PLCs (Programmable logic controller) software and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for studying the water level and control operation of a tank for a semi-automated plant. Sensors play an important role in identifying the water level position in the tank. The entire process can be observed and controlled in real time with a SCADA system, and the pump will be started automatically after getting the instruction from the sensors in case of low water level. All four real time novel automatic control scenarios which include the measurement of low and high water tank levels, starting of the pump, tank water level filling and stopping of the pump at desired water level, have been applied through RSLOGIX 5000 PLC ladder programming and the process is visualized through SCADA monitor display. Such automation technology is highly reliable, efficient and helps to optimize the operation cost of any plant.

In this article, we have developed an ex-ante life cycle assessment (LCA) for the FTO/TiO ₂ /Cs ₂ TiX ₆ /CuSCN/Ag where, X = Br ⁻ , I ⁻ , Cl ⁻ , F ⁻ and FTO/TiO ₂ /Cs ₂ TiI _6-X Br _X (where x = 1 to 5)/CuSCN/Ag structure based Perovskite solar cell PV model to determine the total primary energy demand by each layer (TPED), annual primary energy generation of the system (APEG), energy payback time (EPBT) and energy returned on energy invested (EROI) of the module. In our study, we have found that the total primary energy demand for all the PV module is 110.46 MJ/m ² and annual primary energy generation for the Cs ₂ TiBr ₆ , Cs ₂ TiI ₆ , Cs ₂ TiCl ₆ , Cs ₂ TiF ₆ , Cs ₂ TiI ₁ Br ₅ , Cs ₂ TiI ₂ Br ₄ , Cs ₂ TiI ₃ Br ₃ , Cs ₂ TiI ₄ Br ₂ , and Cs ₂ TiI ₅ Br ₁ Perovskite material based PV module is 225.04 MJ, 254.9 MJ, 85.95 MJ, 189.7 MJ, 282.4 MJ, 351.32 MJ, 335.07 MJ, 317.87 MJ and 267.71 MJ respectively. The EPBT (Year) for the Cs ₂ TiBr ₆ , Cs ₂ TiI ₆ , Cs ₂ TiCl ₆ , Cs ₂ TiF ₆ , Cs ₂ TiI ₁ Br ₅ , Cs ₂ TiI ₂ Br ₄ , Cs ₂ TiI ₃ Br ₃ , Cs ₂ TiI ₄ Br ₂ , and Cs ₂ TiI ₅ Br ₁ Perovskite material based PV module is 0.49, 0.43, 1.29, 0.58, 0.39, 0.31, 0.33, 0.35 and 0.41 respectively and their corresponding EROI is 30.61, 34.88, 11.63, 25.86, 38.46, 48.39, 45.45, 42.86 and 36.59 respectively. The various environmental profiles was discussed with 14 most significant impact for the PV module.

The present research work represents the numerical study of the device performance of a lead-free Cs₂TiI_6−XBr_X-based mixed halide perovskite solar cell (PSC), where x = 1 to 5. The open circuit voltage (V_OC) and short circuit current (J_SC) in a generic TCO/electron transport layer (ETL)/absorbing layer/hole transfer layer (HTL) structure are the key parameters for analyzing the device performance. The entire simulation was conducted by a SCAPS-1D (solar cell capacitance simulator- one dimensional) simulator. An alternative FTO/CdS/Cs₂TiI_6−XBr_X/CuSCN/Ag solar cell architecture has been used and resulted in an optimized absorbing layer thickness at 0.5 µm thickness for the Cs₂TiBr₆, Cs₂TiI₁Br₅, Cs₂TiI₂Br₄, Cs₂TiI₃Br₃ and Cs₂TiI₄Br₂ absorbing materials and at 1.0 µm and 0.4 µm thickness for the Cs₂TiI₅Br₁ and Cs₂TiI₆ absorbing materials. The device temperature was optimized at 40 °C for the Cs₂TiBr₆, Cs₂TiI₁Br₅ and Cs₂TiI₂Br₄ absorbing layers and at 20 °C for the Cs₂TiI₃Br₃, Cs₂TiI₄Br₂, Cs₂TiI₅Br₁ and Cs₂TiI₆ absorbing layers. The defect density was optimized at 10¹⁰ (cm⁻³) for all the active layers.