The conflict between Russia and Ukraine comes at a time when countries worldwide are still recovering from the destabilizing effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused deep economic regression, significant loss of productivity, worsening inequality, planetary pressures, and in some cases, security challenges. The economic impact reverberated through multiple channels, including commodity and financial markets, trade, and migration links. At the same time, rising inflation is increasingly reducing the purchasing power of consumers. Such market tensions will reduce economic activity while accelerating inflation with the appearance of stagflation, where a general jump in prices and a decline in production characterize the state of the economy. The direct effects of this conflict lead to macroeconomic instability. This conflict causes a jump in global prices and affects economies worldwide. One can expect that developing markets and countries in the European region, especially the Western Balkan, will bear the brunt. On the side of macroeconomic stability, the effects differ depending on their exposure to the market of Russia and Ukraine. The Republic of Serbia does not have significant, direct trade ties with Ukraine, but the conflict faced Serbia with new challenges, considering Serbia's energy dependence on Russia, as well as the agricultural sector, where products, primarily fruit, have a significant share in total exports to Russia. The crucial question is in which direction the conflict will affect the macroeconomic stability of the Republic of Serbia.

In this paper, the authors point out the informal economy of the Republic of Serbia and European countries as the biggest problem for every country. The following is the share of industries as well as the gross domestic product of nations. They are reasons why the informal economy is so ubiquitous as well as the idea that it is necessary to decrease it. The paper deals with research aimed at determination of the impact of the informal economy, in which sector of the economy it has the biggest, why it persists, and financial losses because of the informal economy. The paper discusses secondary damages due to the informal economy and the causes of why they go on. The paper also analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on the EU and OECD countries’ GDPs. The authors discuss why the informal economy persists and what measures should be taken to prevent or at least reduce it.

Analytical methods are an indispensable method of auditing. Auditors typically use classical methods such as horizontal, vertical, regression analysis, such as the Z-score. Very few data mining methods are used at all, which are significantly more accurate in their results than the ones mentioned. The subject of this paper is the application of one of the most efficient methods of data so-called. Group Method of Data Handling –GMDH in agro entities.

The subject of the research is the development of competencies for democratic culture in the digital age through the analysis of youth media culture. The aim of the research is that on the basis of the obtained results adequate solutions to the problem of media influence on the culture of communication and culture in general among young people can be proposed, and theoretically to determine how much the media influence the culture of communication and the development of youth awareness. young people. The paper concludes that the surveyed group of teenagers, 300 of them from Belgrade high schools, mostly watch television and follow an entertainment program, that the media in Serbia promote violence and hate speech, and that most of them enrich their language and culture of expression using electronic media, not a book. The results obtained confirm that the media, as they are today, have a very negative impact on the language culture and the culture of behavior of young people in general.

This paper deals with the issue of education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and its effects on education development gained during that process. This topic is trending around sustainable education in urban and rural areas also including widespread areas and locations of students and faculties. In this paper, we present a model that was created in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic and is functional even today. The model is supported on a website and it became a foundation for adding a great deal of material and solutions for more prosperous results in education on several faculties. The key findings imply that in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic with the system establishment of lectures and examinations, the level of adopted skills improved significantly and exceeded those before the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the passing of exams and average grades on subjects. The ANN model was developed, which provides results in terms of successfully passing knowledge tests and average grades by subjects. The innovativeness of the model is a combination of input and output parameters supporting the possibility of its wide application in various branches of science, which resulted in intense application of this model in numerous courses.

The primary objective of the research was to investigate the impact that multi-walled carbon nanotubes, aging temperature, aging period, and thickness of interfacial intermetallic compounds had on the ability to forecast the shear strength of composite solder junctions. It was determined that an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which is a form of soft computing methodology that is ideal for nonlinear data samples, was the most appropriate method to apply in order to examine the shear strength of composite solder joints. After loading the data samples into the ANFIS toolbox inside the MATLAB program, the findings that corresponded to those samples were noticed. According to the findings, the thickness of interfacial intermetallic compounds has the most significant influence on the ability to estimate the shear strength of composite solder junctions. Based on the effect that the inputs had on the outputs that were provided, the findings demonstrated a high level of predictive consistency.