Obesity, which leads to metabolic dysregulation and body function impairment, emerges as one of the pressing health challenges worldwide. Excessive body fat deposits comprise a dynamic and biologically active organ possessing its own endocrine function. One of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of obesity is low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory factors such as free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6), which are secreted by adipose tissue. Together with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, the exacerbated immune response has a negative impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis at all levels and directly affects reproduction. In women, it results in disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation, contributing to infertility. This review focuses on the abnormal intracellular communication, altered gene expression and signaling pathways activated in obesity, underscoring its multifactorial character and consequences at a molecular level. Extensive presentation of the complex interplay between adipokines, cytokines, immune cells and neurons may serve as a foundation for future studies in search of potential sites for more targeted treatment of reproductive disorders related to obesity.

Background: In the last decades, plant-based diets have gained popularity. Pregnancy is not a contraindication to follow a meat-free diet. This study aimed to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes between women who followed a plant-based diet with those on an omnivore diet. Our second purpose was to investigate the association between physical activity level in combination with diet type and the occurrence of GDM and gestational hypertension. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed electronically via social media. The survey was conducted on a population of Polish women. Results: The final research group included 1015 women. The results showed that a maternal plant-based diet 6 months before pregnancy and during pregnancy does not change the incidence of GDM, anemia, and gestational hypertension. Moreover, no association was found between a diet type before conception and a delivery method or newborn birth weight. Among women who followed an omnivore diet, the risk of GDM was lower in a group with adequate physical activity during 6 months before conception (p = 0.0166). However, the combination of a plant-based diet with adequate activity during the preconception period did not influence GDM incidence. Conclusions: Our study indicates that a plant-based diet during the preconception period is not worse than an omnivore diet.

Background: Physical activity is an element of a healthy lifestyle and is safe in most pregnancies. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of physical activity levels before and during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and child. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a population of Polish women. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed electronically via maternity and parental Facebook groups. Results: The final research group included 961 women. The analysis showed that physical activity 6 months before pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but physical activity during pregnancy showed no such association. In all, 37.8% of women with low activity in the first trimester, in comparison to 29.4% of adequately active women, gained an excessive amount of weight during pregnancy (p = 0.0306). The results showed no association between activity level and pregnancy duration, type of delivery or newborn birth weight. Conclusions: Our study indicates that physical activity during the preconception period is crucial to GDM occurrence.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a disrupted skin barrier and immune dysregulation. The exact pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis despite extensive research remains complex. It includes genetic disorders, a defect in the epidermal barrier, an altered immune response, and disruption of the skin’s microbial balance. Recent advances in research have provided deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms including the role of filaggrin mutations, Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation, and the skin microbiome. Understanding the intricate interplay between these components is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Aim of the study: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, highlighting recent advances and areas for future research. Material and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed and GoogleScholar using the keywords: “atopic dermatitis”, “eczema pathophysiology”, “skin barrier”. Conclusions: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disease with a multifaceted pathophysiology involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AD have highlighted the importance of skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and microbial interactions in the disease's progression.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy. This study explores the impact of physical activity on glycemic control and overall health in individuals with T1DM. Despite its proven benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, lower HbA1c levels, and reduced insulin requirements, over 60% of T1DM patients do not engage in regular exercise. Different types of physical activities—such as aerobic, anaerobic, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)—affect metabolic responses differently. Aerobic exercises and HIIT have shown significant improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduced incidence of severe complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. However, exercise-induced hypoglycemia remains a significant risk, especially if exercise follows recent severe hypoglycemic episodes. Proper management strategies include adjusting insulin doses, monitoring glucose levels, and carbohydrate intake. The study highlights the importance of tailored exercise plans and preventive measures to mitigate risks such as nocturnal hypoglycemia and elevated ketones. Ultimately, effective integration of physical activity into diabetes management can lead to enhanced overall health and quality of life for individuals with T1DM.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes is a disease requiring complex treatment: intensive functional insulin therapy with multiple subcutaneous insulin injections (Multiple daily doses of insulin- MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with a personal insulin pump. Type 1 diabetes is a disease with many complications including cardiovascular diseases. A key element in good disease control is adequate patient education. This paper will focus on physical activity and its impact on the course of the disease. Aim of the study: To research the impact of physical activity on the course of type 1 diabetes. To reinforce medical professionals' knowledge of exercise management among patients with type 1 diabetes. State of Knowledge: Regular physical exercise is beneficial for diabetes control, at the same time reducing the need for insulin. It also reduces the risk of dangerous late cardiovascular complications. Meta-analyses have shown a significant effect of physical activity on the reduction of HbA1c, BMI, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are recommended for physically active people with type 1 diabetes. Optimal glycaemia at the start and during sport are: for aerobic exercise 126-180 mg/dl (7-10 mmol/l), for anaerobic exercise 90-180 mg/dl (5-10 mmol/l). The reduction in insulin dose depends on the type of exercise, the length of the exercise, the method of treatment, and the pre-exercise blood glucose level. Conclusion: Physical exercise improves the control of type 1 diabetes and therefore reduces the risk of complications of the disease including cardiovascular diseases. Type 1 diabetes is not a contraindication to both amateur and professional sport. However, many variables need to be considered. Every patient with type 1 diabetes must be properly trained before starting exercise.