The premise of this work is the modification of the properties of chitosan-based film for possible use in food packaging applications. The biofilm was prepared via thermal and mechanical treatment through blending polymers with chitosan using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and loading different types of chemical agents, i.e., citric acid (CA), succinic acid (SA), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The modification was carried out under high-speed homogenization at elevated temperature to induce physical cross-linkage of chitosan polymer chains without a catalyst. The findings showed that PVA improved the chitosan films’ Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (Eb). The presence of chemicals caused an increase in the film strength for all samples prepared, in which a 5% w/w of chemical in the optimum composition CS/PVA (75/25) provided the maximum strength, namely, 33.9 MPa, 44.0 MPa, and 41.9 MPa, for CA-5, SA-5, and TEOS-5, respectively. The chemical agents also increased the water contact angles for all tested films, indicating that they promoted hydrophobicity. The chemical structure analysis showed that, by incorporating three types of chemical agents into the CS/PVA blend films, no additional spectral bands were found, indicating that no covalent bonds were formed. The thermal properties showed enhancement in melting peak and degradation temperature of the blend films, compared to those without chemical agents at the optimum composition. The X-ray diffraction patterns exhibited that PVA led to an increasing crystallization tendency in the blend films. The morphological observation proved that no irregularities were detected in CS/PVA blend films, representing high compatibility with both polymers.

Motorcycle is the main transportation in urban and rural areas nowadays. Many users have not satisfied with performance of standard manufactured. The objective of this research is to improve motorcycle performance by modifying the camshaft duration. The research was conducted at Combustion Laboratory of Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering. The standard of camshaft duration is intake valve 221° LSA, 96.75° and exhaust valve 202° LSA 84°. The first modification camshaft is intake valve 235° LSA 100.5° and exhaust valve 235° LSA 102.5°. Second modification camshaft is intake valve 260° LSA 104° and exhaust valve 260° LSA 107°. The results of experiment show the good engine performance was in the second modification. Increased of torque are 19.182% and 22.902% for the first and second modification respectively. Moreover, increased of power are 7.378% and 13.45% for the first and second modification respectively.

The increase in the number of vehicles is one of the causes of increasing air pollution. In addition, plastic waste is a type of inorganic waste that has long decomposed, plastic waste can be recycled into fuel oil. But each type of fuel has characteristic properties, this affects the exhaust emissions resulting from the combustion process. The purpose of this study is to determine the exhaust gas emissions (CO, HC, CO2 ) from Single Cylinder R175A type diesel engines with the three kind of fuel such as 100% plastic fuel oil, dexlite, and a mixture of plastic oil fuel and dexlite with a mixture ratio of 30% plastic oil: 70% dexlite (PO30), 50% plastic oil: 50% dexlite (PO50) and 70% plastic oil: 30% dexlite (PO70). The result obtained is that carbon monoxide (CO) exhaust emissions increase with increasing rpm, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decrease with increasing rpm. The use of plastic fuel oil produces the lowest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

EMISSIONS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PLASTIC FUEL

Indonesia is the third-largest paddy producer in the world. From 2019 to 2021 total paddy harvested was more than 100 million tonnes. This huge quantity has an

Particulate matter in the environment can give a bad effect to the body of human through the respiratory process. These conditions require researchers to innovate to reduce the air pollution. The electrostatic precipitator (ESP) filter system is one technology for reduce of particulate matter by the combustion of Incinerator. This system has a good efficiency and very good in reducing of particulate matter produce by Incinerator. The materials used for the ESP system air filter in this study were iron and Stainless Steel 304. The tests carried out were the corrosion rate test, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) where the corrosion rate of the material will be measured using the weight loss method and seen the content and elements involved. changed using XRD. The results shows that the corrosion rate test, iron has a corrosion rate decrease of 66% and Stainless Steel 304 by 73%.. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) EDX results show that after heating both specimens have the same ferrite pearlite phase but for iron specimens, pearlite is more dominant, and stainless steel 304 is more dominant in ferrite. While for the XRD results, there are wave changes on the graph of the iron and stainless steel 304 specimens before and after being heated, which means that there are differences in the phase of the two specimens.