A series of ecological restoration projects have been proposed to solve ecological problems resulting from human activities. The project of returning farmlands to forests, initiated in 1999, was the most widely implemented ecological restoration project in China. Large amounts of cropland with steep slopes have been converted to forests or grasslands to promote vegetation restoration, reduce soil erosion, and control nonpoint source pollution. Therefore, identifying the dynamics of vegetation and food security is crucial for further decision making. Based on the mean normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and grain yield data, this study explored the vegetation dynamics and food security of Hubei Province against the background of ecological restoration. The results show that, on a whole, the NDVI significantly increased from 2000 to 2018. The spatial agglomeration of the NDVI decreased between 2000 and 2008 and then increased from 2009 onwards. High–high NDVI agglomerations were more concentrated in mountainous areas. Food security was not threatened, and the grain yield in Hubei Province and most of the cities exhibited significant upward trends, as a whole. The change trend of the grain yield was not stable during the period from 2000 to 2018. The grain yield for Hubei Province and almost all of the cities decreased during the first 5 to 11 years, probably due to the sharp decrease in the sloping cropland areas against the background of ecological restoration. Grain yield was more sensitive and had a longer downward trend in regions with steeper slopes. Increasing trends in grain yield were detected during the last 6 to 10 years for most of the cities, and this can mainly be attributed to the newly added croplands that were created from land with other kinds of land uses, the increase in grain productivity, and strict cropland protection policies. The project of returning farmlands to forests is suggested as a long-term policy from the perspective of ecological restoration, and effective measures should also be continuously taken to maintain grain production and food security.

The market-oriented reform of China’s power market has gradually transformed power prices from government pricing to market regulation, which not only promotes the production efficiency of industrial enterprises, but also inhibits the excessive consumption and waste of power by residential power users. This paper uses the data from 2006–2018 combined with the precious industrial power price data and macroeconomic data of 100 cities in China, takes the marketization reform of the power market in 2015 as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the difference-in-differences model to empirically study the causal relationship between power market reform and air pollution for the first time. The study found that power market reform can reduce air pollution, and this conclusion is also supported by a number of robustness tests. Mechanism analysis shows that power market reform can reduce air pollution by improving power market efficiency, promoting technological progress, and reducing power consumption. Heterogeneity analysis shows that power market reform can suppress air pollution more significantly in eastern regions, regions with severe air pollution, and regions with larger populations. This paper not only provides new research perspectives and research ideas for air pollution prevention and control, but also provides empirical evidence for the positive externalities of power market reform.