Purpose: In 2015, the World Health Organization renamed mucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma as pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA). Due to its low incidence and unclear prognosis with surgical treatment, previous studies have presented opposing survival outcomes. We aimed to investigate the differences in surgical prognosis and prognosis-related risk factors by comparing IMA with non-mucinous invasive adenocarcinoma (NMA). Methods: A total of 20,914 patients diagnosed with IMA or NMA from 2000 to 2014 were screened from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The screened patients were subjected to propensity score matching (PSM) in a 1:4 ratio to explore the survival differences between patients with IMA and NMA and the factors influencing prognosis. Results: For all patients, IMA was prevalent in the lower lobes of the lungs (p < 0.0001), well-differentiated histologically (p < 0.0001), less likely to have lymph node metastases (94.4% vs. 72.0%, p < 0.0001) and at an earlier pathological stage (p = 0.0001). After PSM, the IMA cohort consisted of 303 patients, and the NMA cohort consisted of 1212 patients. Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis showed no difference in overall survival (OS) between patients in the IMA cohort and those in the NMA cohort (p = 0.7). Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that differences in tumor pathological type did not influence OS between the two cohorts (p = 0.65). Age (HR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.7–2.31, p < 0.0001), gender (HR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.55–0.75, p < 0.0001), and radiation treatment (HR: 2.49, 95% CI 1.84–3.37, p < 0.0001) were independent predictors of patient OS. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in OS between patients with IMA and those with NMA after surgical treatment. Age, sex, and radiation treatment can independently predict OS.

Aim. Analyze the gender difference of esophageal cancer patients in response to drug treatment. Methods. All publications on clinical trials were collected from PubMed, Scopus, and PMC. Each publication was examined to determine whether the publication is a clinical trial and whether data on gender difference were reported. Results. Selected from a total of 191 publications, data from 7 trials with a total of 2041 patients were evaluated for gender differences. These clinical trials involve different drugs and disease phenotype. A significant difference was obtained between male and female groups from Student’s t-test. There is no conclusive result on age, ethnicity, tumor size, and drug influence. Conclusions. Gender difference in response to treatment potentially most likely exists in esophageal cancer patients, regardless of age, race, and drugs.

Selinexor treats lung cancer, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This review summarizes the prevalence and types of lung cancer and emphasizes the challenges associated with current treatments like resistance and limited effectiveness. Selinexor is a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) that has emerged as a potential therapy that targets the nuclear export of tumor suppressor proteins. The mechanisms of selinexor, its potential in combination therapies, and challenges like side effects and drug resistance are explained in this review. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of selinexor in preclinical studies, particularly against KRAS-mutant NSCLC and in combination with chemotherapy for SCLC. The review concludes with a discussion of future directions and underscores the potential of selinexor to improve the treatment strategies for lung cancer.

Background: It is still unclear whether stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients with tumour spread through air spaces (STAS) can benefit from postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after lobectomy. This study investigated the effect of ACT on the postoperative survival of patients with stage I (STAS⁺) lung adenocarcinoma.Methods: We retrospectively analysed the clinical data of stage I (STAS⁺) invasive lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent lobectomy in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of our hospital from January 1, 2013 to January 1, 2016. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to group patients to investigate whether ACT could lead to better prognosis of patients.Results: A total of 593 patients with stage I (STAS⁺) lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled. The study after PSM included 406 patients. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed the experimental group had a better 3-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate (p = 0.037) and the 5-year RFS rate (p = 0.022) than the control group. It also had higher 5-year overall survival (p = 0.017). The multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that stage I STAS⁺ lung adenocarcinoma patients with lymphatic vessel invasion (HR: 1.711, 95% CI: 1.052-2.784; p = 0.045), vascular invasion (HR: 5.014, 95% CI: 3.154-7.969; p < 0.001), and visceral pleural invasion (HR: 2.086, 95% CI: 1.162-3.743; p = 0.014), and without ACT (HR: 1.675, 95% CI: 1.043-2.689; p = 0.033) had a significant survival disadvantage.Conclusion: ACT can boost the postoperative survival of patients with stage I (STAS⁺) lung adenocarcinoma.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) has been the target of several drugs for cancers. The potential gender differences in genes in the Egfr axis have been suggested in humans and in animal models. Female and male mice from the same recombinant inbred (RI) strain have the same genomic components except the sex difference. A population of different RI mouse strains allows to conduct precise analysis of molecular pathways and regulation of Egfr between female and male mice. The whole genome expression profiles of 70 genetically diverse RI strains of mice were used to compare three major molecular aspects of Egfr gene: the relative expression levels, gene network and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) that regulate the expression of Egfr between female and male mice. Our data showed that there is a significant sex difference in the expression levels in kidney. A considerable number of genes in the gene network of Egfr are sex differentially expressed. The expression levels of Egfr in mice are statistical significant different between C57BL/6 J (B6) and DBA/2 J (D2) genotypes in male while no difference in female mice. The eQTLs that regulate the expression levels of Egfr between female and male mice are also different. Furthermore, the differential expression levels of Egfr showed significantly different correlations with two known biological traits between male and female mice. Overall there is a substantial sex difference in the Egfr pathways in mice. These data may have significant impact on drug target design, development, formulation, and dosage determinant for women and men in clinical trials.

Purpose: Recent studies have indicated some differences in the prognosis of patients with stage III-N2 lung adenocarcinoma, and the prognosis of patients with skip N2 lymph node metastasis (SKN2) is good. This study grouped patients with stage III-N2 lung adenocarcinoma by propensity score matching (PSM) to evaluate the impact of SKN2 on the prognosis of these patients. Methods: The clinical data for patients who underwent radical lobectomy and had a postoperative pathological diagnosis of stage III-N2 lung adenocarcinoma at our centre from 2016 to 2018 were collected, and PSM was performed at a ratio of 1:1. Results: A total of 456 patients were enrolled in this study. After PSM, 112 patients were included in the SKN2 group, and 112 patients were included in the non-SKN2 group. When comparing the SKN2 group with the non-SKN2 group, the 3-year OS rate was (71.4% vs. 12.5%, p < 0.001), and the 3-year DFS rate was (35.7% vs. 5.4%, p < 0.001). It is further divided into four groups:single-station SKN2 (N2a1),Multi-station SKN2 (N2a2),single-station non-SKN2 (N2b1) and Multi-station non-SKN2 (N2b2).The 3-year OS and DFS rates of skip lymph node metastasis were better than those of non-skip lymph node metastasis(OS:N2a1 vs. N2b1 68.4% vs. 23.5%,p < 0.001;N2a2 vs. N2b2 73.0% vs. 7.7%,p < 0.001)(DFS:N2a1 vs. N2b1 68.4% vs. 5.9%,p < 0.001;N2a2 vs. N2b2 62.2% vs. 5.1%,p < 0.001), regardless of the number of N2 station(OS:N2a1 vs. N2a2 68.4% vs. 73.0%,p = 0.584;N2b1 vs. N2b2 23.5% vs. 7.7%,p = 0.051). On multivariate analysis, sex (p = 0.008) ,Vascular tumour thrombus(p = 0.047),size(p = 0.002)and SKN2 (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of OS. Conclusion: For patients with stage III-N2 lung adenocarcinoma, the prognosis of SKN2 patients is better than non-SKN2 patients’, and SKN2 may be used as an important factor in the N2 subgroup classification in future TNM staging.