Road silt loading (sL) directly affects the fugitive road dust (FRD) emission factor, which is an important parameter in the study of FRD emissions. In this study, an improved collection method combined with the AP−42 method was newly developed to estimate the sL of asphalt roads in Jinan, China. The characteristics of sL in Jinan followed the order National highway (NH) > Branch road (BR) > Provincial highway (PH) > Country highway (CH) > Minor arterial (MiA) > Major arterial (MaA) > Urban expressway (UE) with 3.9 ± 2.5, 3.9 ± 1.9, 3.8 ± 2.8, 3.8 ± 0.9, 2.1 ± 1.4, 1.7 ± 1.2, and 1.4 ± 1.2 g/m², respectively. The size orders of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ emission factors are consistent with total suspended particulate (TSP). The characteristics of the TSP emission factor of FRD followed the order NH > PH > CH > Expressway (EW) > MiA > BR > MaA > UE with 27.3, 23.4, 19.4, 13.7, 7.7, 7.4, 6.2, and 3.0 g/VKT (vehicle kilometers traveled), respectively. The annual emissions of TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 from FRD in Jinan in 2020 were about 985.2, 209.8, and 57.8 kt, respectively. Laiwu, Jiyang, and Licheng districts show the top three TSP emissions of FRD; the sum of their emissions accounts for 44.7% of the TSP emissions from FRD in Jinan. TSP emissions from municipal roads and administrative roads accounted for about 29.2% and 70.8% of the total emissions in Jinan, respectively, of which emissions from MiA accounted for the largest proportion of TSP emissions from municipal roads, contributing about 37.9%, while TSP emissions from NH made the largest contribution to TSP emissions from administrative roads, with a contribution of about 35.8%. Based on Monte Carlo simulation results using Crystal Ball, the uncertainty range of the emission inventory of FRD in Jinan ranged from −79.9 to 151.8%. In 2020, about 985,200 tons of road particulate matter in Jinan City entered the atmosphere, having an adverse effect on air quality and human health.

Emissions from civil aviation not only degrade the environmental quality around airports but also have the significant effects on climate change. According to the flight schedules, aircraft/engine combination information and revised emission factors from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Aircraft Engine Emission Databank (EEDB) based on meteorological data, the emissions of climate forcers (CFs: BC, CH₄, CO₂, H₂O, and N₂O), conventional air pollutants (CAPs: CO, HC, NO_X, OC, PM_2.5, and SO₂), and hazardous heavy metals (HMs: As, Cu, Ni, Se, Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn) from flights of civil aviation of eight airports in Shandong in 2018 and 2020 are estimated in this study. Moreover, the study quantifies the impact of COVID-19 on civil aviation emissions (CFs, CAPs, and HMs) in Shandong, revealing reductions of 47.45%, 48.03%, and 47.45% in 2020 compared to 2018 due to flight cuts. By 2020, total emissions reach 9075.44 kt (CFs), 35.57 kt (CAPs), and 0.51 t (HMs), with top contributors being Qingdao Liuting International Airport (ZSQD) (39.60–40.37%), Shandong Airlines (26.56–28.92%), and B738 aircraft (42.98–46.70%). As byproducts of incomplete fuel combustion, the shares of CO (52.40%) and HC (47.76%) emissions during taxi/ground idle mode are significant. In contrast, emissions during cruise phase are the dominant contributor of other species with a share of 74.67–95.61% of the associated total emissions. The findings highlight the disproportionate role of specific airlines, aircraft, and operational phases in regional aviation pollution. By bridging gaps in localized emission inventories and flight-phase analyses, this research supports targeted mitigation strategies, such as fleet modernization and ground operation optimization, to improve air quality in Shandong. The study highlights how sudden shifts in demand, such as those caused by pandemics, can significantly alter emission profiles, providing insights for sustainable aviation planning.