Under high dynamic load, roadway deformation and failure may occur, posing great challenges. As for now, few studies have been carried out on the impacts of various factors on the deformation of roadway surrounding rocks under high dynamic load, not to mention those on intelligent prediction of the deformation and failure laws. This paper fills these research gaps by studying the deformation and failure characteristics of roadway surrounding rocks and the intelligent prediction method under high dynamic load. The finite difference software Flac3D was used to analyze the influences of roadway buried depth, lithology, and side pressure coefficient on the stability of surrounding rocks and a model was constructed for deformation prediction under high dynamic load. Finally, the influence of various factors on the deformation and their weight was obtained and the deformation can be predicted in line with the BP neural network prediction theory. The results show that the prediction effect is good, with high accuracy.