Those who have been forced to resettle by water conservancy projects (WCP) have always been a group that is characterised by high poverty and livelihood vulnerability, mainly due to insufficient compensation and the fragmentation of their social networks. In 2020, the Chinese government announced that China had achieved comprehensive poverty alleviation, implying that all WCP-induced resettlers, have been lifted out of poverty. However, China’s current poverty line is based on the minimum subsistence standard, namely the absolute poverty line, which fails to objectively reflect China’s uneven development and individuals’ actual consumption needs. Therefore, in order to comprehensively analyse the poverty status of WCP-induced resettlers in contemporary China, this paper reassessed the poverty status of contemporary WCP-induced resettlers from the perspective of development-based poverty and consumption-based poverty. Based on survey data from over 1000 households who were forced to resettle due to China’s ‘Yangtze River to Huai River Inter-basin Water Diversion’ project, this paper concludes that: (1) China’s current absolute poverty line is outdated for contemporary WCP-induced resettlers, due to the fact they had basically been lifted out of absolute poverty by 2018, and those who remain poor need to be addressed through the bottom line guarantee of local governments; (2) the role of land as a form of basic insurance can alleviate income inequality and mitigate the risk of force majeure. Therefore, those resettled from rural areas have stronger income stability and greater resilience to risks; (3) the poverty status of contemporary WCP-induced resettlers is mainly consumption-based, and it is worse for resettlers from urban areas. Based on these conclusions, we suggest that the government should try to avoid large-scale relocation of WCP-induced resettlers to urban areas, and try to provide more insurances to them, such as providing arable land and sharing the benefits of water conservancy projects with the resettlers.

This paper selects Chinese industrial sectors as research objects, based on the R&D capital as divided into the R&D capital in the same sector in the same countries, the R&D capital in the same sector in other countries which we selects in OECD STAN database, the R&D capital in the other sectors in the same countries, the R&D capital in the other sectors in other countries, firstly using the knowledge production function model and stochastic frontier production function method to empirically study the R&D production efficiency in the Chinese industrial sector, then to study how the factors of industry technical level, ownership structure, human capital, degree of trade openness, technology gap, degree of industry competition, and physical capital stock impact R&D production efficiency. It concludes that except the R&D capital in the other sectors in other countries, the other three R&D capitals have a significant positive impact on R&D production efficiency. Furthermore, the factors of the degree of trade openness, technology gap, and physical capital stock have a significant positive impact on R&D production efficiency, and the human capital and industry competition degree do not have a significant positive impact on R&D production efficiency. As for the industry characteristics, the technical efficiency in high-tech industries is lower than that in non-high-tech industries and the R&D output efficiency differs little between state-owned business and non-state-owned business.