This research focused on evaluating the technical viability of using biodiesel with a blending ratio of 40% v/v, which is expected to be implemented soon in Indonesia. Two kinds of biodiesel blends were prepared, a blend of 60% diesel fuel and 40% biodiesel (B40) and a blend of 60% diesel fuel, 30% biodiesel, and 10% hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) (B30D10). The fuels were tested on EuroII vehicles without any engine modifications through a 50,000 km endurance road test. Laboratory tests were also performed at certain traveled distances to evaluate various engine parameters, including power, fuel economy, exhaust emissions, and used engine oil properties. Engine components were inspected upon the completion of the road test. Cold-start ability was also examined to confirm the suitability of the investigated biofuels at low-temperature operating conditions in Indonesia. The road test results showed that vehicles fuelled with B40 and B30D10 could reach a distance of 50,000 km without encountering any technical issues. The laboratory evaluation during the road test indicated that B30D10 had a higher power and fuel economy than B40, with a maximum difference of 2%. Furthermore, B30D10 emitted lower CO, HC, and PM emissions than B40 throughout the distance traveled, with maximum differences of 11.4%, 14.7%, and 22.6%, respectively, but led to 15% higher NOx. Engine component inspection and used engine oil analysis confirmed the fulfillment of the manufacturer's recommendations for both B40 and B30D10. Finally, B40 and B30D10 were suitable for operating at low ambient temperatures in Indonesia, confirming them as practical options to be implemented in the nationwide 40% biodiesel blend fuel.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of high-ratio biodiesel and pure biodiesel on the emissions and performance of Euro4-compliant vehicles. The tested fuels were diesel fuel, biodiesel with a ratio of 30% by volume (B30), biodiesel with a ratio of 50% (B50) and pure biodiesel FAME (B100), while the tested vehicle is of the Euro4-compliant standard currently available in the Indonesian market. In this study, tests on emissions, performance and fuel economy were conducted based on the international standard of the UN ECE R83-05, adopted as UN ECE R-85 and UN ECE R-101 respectively. This study also investigated the effect of the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio on the carbon balance formula. Here, the paper proposed a modified R101 carbon balance formula to calculate the fuel economy for high-ratio and pure biodiesel fuels. The results showed that biodiesel had lower CO, HC and particulate emissions, while NOx emissions were higher compared to diesel fuel. However, pure biodiesel was within the limits imposed by the Euro4 emissions standard. Maximum power output with high-ratio biodiesel decreased by up to 10% with B100. The fuel economy of the B30, B50 and B100 biodiesels was lower than diesel fuel by 3%, 7% and 11%, respectively, based on the modified carbon balance formula for high-ratio biodiesel fuel.

The use of a high concentration of biodiesel blends has been implemented nationally in Indonesia as part of the government’s program to increase energy security and improve environmental quality. However, a high concentration of biodiesel, specifically a blending volume of 30% (B30), leads to a shorter fuel filter lifetime compared with pure diesel fuel (B0), due to the precipitation of impurities from biodiesel and the presence of contaminants from the environment. A study was conducted involving a rig test to evaluate the effect of using B30 on filter lifetime, referred to as JIS D1617:1998. The results showed that the temperature and cleanliness of the biodiesel had a strong influence on filter blocking. B30 with an ISO cleanliness of 22/21/17 without added standard dust contaminants at 15 °C for 48 h produced larger amounts of deposits compared to B0 with an ISO cleanliness of 16/13/7 with the addition of 1 g of contaminant for the same treatment. B30 with 1 g of additional contaminants soaked at 15 °C produced a larger amount of deposit than B30 with 2 g of added contaminant soaked at ~27 °C. The weighing of the used filters showed that deposits that originated from biodiesel impurities and precipitations were the dominant material causing a reduced fuel filter lifetime. In addition to the cleanliness factor, a decrease in the micron rating of the filter resulted in a shorter filter lifetime.

Indonesia's government has committed to reducing greenhouse gas by 29% in 2030. The efficiency of energy and fuel consumption of the vehicle is one of strategy Indonesia's government has committed to reducing greenhouse gas by 29% in 2030. The efficiency of energy and fuel consumption of the vehicle is one of strategy

Indonesia has Implemented blends of diesel fuel of 70% and biodiesel of 30% (B30) in early 2020. The concentration of biodiesel in biodiesel blends will be incr Indonesia has Implemented blends of diesel fuel of 70% and biodiesel of 30% (B30) in early 2020. The concentration of biodiesel in biodiesel blends will be incr

The nationwide implementation of B35 biodiesel in Indonesia is constrained by elevated water and particulate contents, which accelerate fuel degradation and promote filter clogging. Mitigating these issues is essential to ensure fuel quality, safe distribution, and stable engine operation. This study proposes a renewable essential-oil-derived bioadditive as an alternative to petroleum-based additives, with novelty arising from a fractionation-guided multi-essential-oil formulation and its comprehensive validation, encompassing molecular characterization, fuel-quality compliance, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an essential-oil bioadditive capable of (i) reducing water and particulate contents in B35 biodiesel in compliance with Indonesian fuel standards and (ii) evaluating its effects on engine performance and emissions. Turpentine, clove terpene, citronella, and rhodinol oils were characterized by GC–MS and fractionated to obtain α-pinene-, caryophyllene-, and rhodinol-rich fractions. Eight formulations were prepared by varying oil ratios and blended into B35 at 0.1% v/v. Water content was monitored over 7 days of storage, followed by flash point screening. The optimal formulation was further evaluated for particulate content, physicochemical properties, engine performance using a dynotest, and exhaust emissions on a Kubota D722 diesel engine. Among all formulations, D1 (turpentine:clove terpene:citronella = 1:8:1) exhibited the most balanced performance. D1 reduced water content to 320 mg/kg, meeting the ≤400 mg/kg limit, and increased the flash point to 75 °C (minimum requirement: 52 °C). Particulate levels across 4, 6, and 14 μm fractions were substantially reduced. The B35 + D1 blend satisfied key fuel specifications, including a cetane number of 54.7, viscosity of 3.171 mm²/s, and oxidation stability exceeding 35 h. Engine testing showed more stable torque and power at high speeds with D1 at 1% v/v compared with 0.1% v/v. Smoke emissions decreased markedly, while NOx emissions increased, indicating a combustion trade-off typical of oxygenated additives.