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More than half of the drinking water supply in the United States originates from forest watersheds, where terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor. Throughfall-derived DOM, a significant contributor of terrestrial DOM, has seldom been evaluated for its formation potential of DBPs. Here, we collected throughfall and leaf extracts of an evergreen (loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.) and a deciduous tree species (turkey oak, Quercus cerris L.) to explore their seasonal DOM quantity, optical properties, and DBP formation potential. Elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from rainwater (1.2±0.4 mg/L) to pine (26.0±19.7 mg/L) and oak throughfall (38.8±37.8 mg/L) indicated canopies can be a significant source of DOM. DOM aromaticity (indicated by specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm) was higher in oak than pine throughfall and higher in throughfall than leaf extracts. The throughfall DOM characteristics were seasonally more stable for the evergreen pine than for the deciduous oak. The specific DBP formation potential of pine and oak throughfall both varied greatly across seasons, with values of 52.7±17.3 and 58.6±15.1 µg/g-DOC for trihalomethanes, 0.82±0.35 and 0.64±0.11 µg/g-DOC for haloacetonitriles, 0.59±0.60 and 0.22±0.05 µg/g-DOC for haloketones, 4.51±2.25 and 4.20±2.76 µg/g-DOC for chloral hydrate, respectively. Estimation of runoff DOC yields from canopies suggests that the highest DOC yield would occur in the fall among all seasons. Results suggest that throughfall DOM is an important and overlooked terrestrial DBP precursors, and its seasonal variation is forest-type-dependent.
Huan Chen; Kuo-Pei Tsai; Qiong Su; Alex T. Chow; Jun-Jian Wang. Throughfall Dissolved Organic Matter as a Terrestrial Disinfection Byproduct Precursor. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2019, 3, 1603 -1613.
AMA StyleHuan Chen, Kuo-Pei Tsai, Qiong Su, Alex T. Chow, Jun-Jian Wang. Throughfall Dissolved Organic Matter as a Terrestrial Disinfection Byproduct Precursor. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. 2019; 3 (8):1603-1613.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuan Chen; Kuo-Pei Tsai; Qiong Su; Alex T. Chow; Jun-Jian Wang. 2019. "Throughfall Dissolved Organic Matter as a Terrestrial Disinfection Byproduct Precursor." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 3, no. 8: 1603-1613.
Carbon mitigation strategies have been developed without sufficient consideration of their impacts on the water system. Here, our study evaluates whether carbon mitigation strategies would decrease or increase local industrial water use and water-related pollutants discharge by using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model coupled with a water withdrawals and pollutants discharge module in Shenzhen, the fourth largest city in China. To fulfill China’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) targets, Shenzhen’s GDP and welfare losses are projected to be 1.6% and 5.6% in 2030, respectively. The carbon abatement cost will increase from 56 USD/t CO2 in 2020 to 274 USD/t CO2 in 2030. The results reveal that carbon mitigation accelerates local industrial structure upgrading by restricting carbon-, energy-, and water-intensive industries, e.g., natural gas mining, non-metal, agriculture, food production, and textile sectors. Accordingly, carbon mitigation improves energy use efficiency and decreases 55% of primary energy use in 2030. Meanwhile, it reduces 4% of total industrial water use and 2.2-2.4% of two major pollutants discharge, i.e., CODCr and NH3-N. Carbon mitigation can also decrease petroleum (2.2%) and V-ArOH (0.8%) discharge but has negative impacts on most heavy metal(loid)s pollutants discharge (increased by -0.01% to 4.6%). These negative impacts are evaluated to be negligible on the environment. This study highlights the importance of considering the energy-water nexus for better-coordinated energy and water resources management at local and national levels.
Qiong Su; Hancheng Dai; Huan Chen; Yun Lin; Yang Xie; Raghupathy Karthikeyan. General Equilibrium Analysis of the Cobenefits and Trade-Offs of Carbon Mitigation on Local Industrial Water Use and Pollutants Discharge in China. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53, 1715 -1724.
AMA StyleQiong Su, Hancheng Dai, Huan Chen, Yun Lin, Yang Xie, Raghupathy Karthikeyan. General Equilibrium Analysis of the Cobenefits and Trade-Offs of Carbon Mitigation on Local Industrial Water Use and Pollutants Discharge in China. Environmental Science & Technology. 2019; 53 (3):1715-1724.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiong Su; Hancheng Dai; Huan Chen; Yun Lin; Yang Xie; Raghupathy Karthikeyan. 2019. "General Equilibrium Analysis of the Cobenefits and Trade-Offs of Carbon Mitigation on Local Industrial Water Use and Pollutants Discharge in China." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 3: 1715-1724.
Energy and water systems are interdependent and have complex dynamic interactions with the socio-economic system and climate change. Few tools exist to aid decision-making regarding the management of water and energy resources at a watershed level. In this study, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and System Dynamics and Water Environmental Model (SyDWEM) were integrated (CGE-SyDWEM) to predict future energy use, CO2 emissions, economic growth, water resource stress, and water quality change in a rapidly urbanizing catchment in China. The effects of both the CO2 mitigation strategies and water engineering measures were evaluated. CO2 mitigation strategies have the potential to reduce 46% CO2 emissions and 41% energy use in 2025 compared with reference scenario. CO2 mitigation strategies are also found to be effective in promoting industrial structure adjustment by decreasing the output of energy- and water-intensive industries. Accordingly, it can alleviate local water stress and improve water environment, including a 4.1% reduction in both domestic water use and pollutant emissions, a 16.8% water demand reduction in the labor-intensive industry sector, and 4.2% and 4.4% decrease in BOD5 and NH3-N loads in all industrial sectors, respectively. It is necessary to implement water engineering measures to further alleviate water resource stress and improve water quality. This study improves the understanding of the feedbacks of CO2 abatement on water demand, pollutant discharges, and water quality improvement. The integrated model developed in this study can be used to aid energy, carbon, and water policy makers to understand the complicated synergistic effects of proposed CO2 mitigation strategies on water demand and pollution emissions, and to design more effective policies and measures to ensure energy and water security in the future.
Qiong Su; Hancheng Dai; Yun Lin; Huan Chen; Raghupathy Karthikeyan. Modeling the carbon-energy-water nexus in a rapidly urbanizing catchment: A general equilibrium assessment. Journal of Environmental Management 2018, 225, 93 -103.
AMA StyleQiong Su, Hancheng Dai, Yun Lin, Huan Chen, Raghupathy Karthikeyan. Modeling the carbon-energy-water nexus in a rapidly urbanizing catchment: A general equilibrium assessment. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018; 225 ():93-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiong Su; Hancheng Dai; Yun Lin; Huan Chen; Raghupathy Karthikeyan. 2018. "Modeling the carbon-energy-water nexus in a rapidly urbanizing catchment: A general equilibrium assessment." Journal of Environmental Management 225, no. : 93-103.
Huan Chen; Yun Lin; Qiong Su; Liqiu Cheng. Spatial variation of multiple air pollutants and their potential contributions to all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality across China in 2015–2016. Atmospheric Environment 2017, 168, 23 -35.
AMA StyleHuan Chen, Yun Lin, Qiong Su, Liqiu Cheng. Spatial variation of multiple air pollutants and their potential contributions to all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality across China in 2015–2016. Atmospheric Environment. 2017; 168 ():23-35.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuan Chen; Yun Lin; Qiong Su; Liqiu Cheng. 2017. "Spatial variation of multiple air pollutants and their potential contributions to all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality across China in 2015–2016." Atmospheric Environment 168, no. : 23-35.
Litter decomposition regulates the cycling of nutrients and toxicants but is poorly studied in farmlands. To understand the unavoidable in-situ decomposition process, we quantified the dynamics of C, H, N, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn during a 180-d decomposition study in leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifoliaf) and rape (Brassica chinensis) residues in a wastewater-irrigated farmland in northwestern China. Different from most studied natural ecosystems, the managed vegetable farmland had a much faster litter decomposition rate (half-life of 18–60 d), and interestingly, faster decomposition of roots relative to leaves for both the vegetables. Faster root decomposition can be explained by the initial biochemical composition (more O-alkyl C and less alkyl and aromatic C) but not the C/N stoichiometry. Multi-element dynamics varied greatly, with C, H, N, K, and Na being highly released (remaining proportion < 20%), Ca, Cd, Cr, Mg, Ni, and Zn released, and As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, and Pb possibly accumulated. Although vegetable residues serve as temporary sinks of some metal(loid)s, their fast decomposition, particularly for the O-alkyl-C-rich leafy-lettuce roots, suggest that toxic metal(loid)s can be released from residues, which therefore become secondary pollution sources.
Chun Cao; Si-Qi Liu; Zhen-Bang Ma; Yun Lin; Qiong Su; Huan Chen; Jun-Jian Wang. Dynamics of multiple elements in fast decomposing vegetable residues. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 616-617, 614 -621.
AMA StyleChun Cao, Si-Qi Liu, Zhen-Bang Ma, Yun Lin, Qiong Su, Huan Chen, Jun-Jian Wang. Dynamics of multiple elements in fast decomposing vegetable residues. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 616-617 ():614-621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun Cao; Si-Qi Liu; Zhen-Bang Ma; Yun Lin; Qiong Su; Huan Chen; Jun-Jian Wang. 2017. "Dynamics of multiple elements in fast decomposing vegetable residues." Science of The Total Environment 616-617, no. : 614-621.
Surface water quality deterioration is a serious problem in many rapidly urbanizing catchments in developing countries. There is currently a lack of studies that quantify water quality variation (deterioration or otherwise) due to both socio-economic and infrastructure development in a catchment. This paper investigates the causes of water quality changes over the rapid urbanization period of 1985–2009 in the Shenzhen River catchment, China and examines the changes in relation to infrastructure development and socio-economic policies. The results indicate that the water quality deteriorated rapidly during the earlier urbanization stages before gradually improving over recent years, and that rapid increases in domestic discharge were the major causes of water quality deterioration. Although construction of additional wastewater infrastructure can significantly improve water quality, it was unable to dispose all of the wastewater in the catchment. However, it was found that socio-economic measures can significantly improve water quality by decreasing pollutant load per gross regional production (GRP) or increasing labor productivity. Our findings suggest that sustainable development during urbanization is possible, provided that: (1) the wastewater infrastructure should be constructed timely and revitalized regularly in line with urbanization, and wastewater treatment facilities should be upgraded to improve their nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies; (2) administrative regulation policies, economic incentives and financial policies should be implemented to encourage industries to prevent or reduce the pollution at the source; (3) the environmental awareness and education level of local population should be increased; (4) planners from various sectors should consult each other and adapt an integrated planning approach for socio-economic and wastewater infrastructure development.
Hua-Peng Qin; Qiong Su; Soon-Thiam Khu; Nv Tang. Water Quality Changes during Rapid Urbanization in the Shenzhen River Catchment: An Integrated View of Socio-Economic and Infrastructure Development. Sustainability 2014, 6, 7433 -7451.
AMA StyleHua-Peng Qin, Qiong Su, Soon-Thiam Khu, Nv Tang. Water Quality Changes during Rapid Urbanization in the Shenzhen River Catchment: An Integrated View of Socio-Economic and Infrastructure Development. Sustainability. 2014; 6 (10):7433-7451.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHua-Peng Qin; Qiong Su; Soon-Thiam Khu; Nv Tang. 2014. "Water Quality Changes during Rapid Urbanization in the Shenzhen River Catchment: An Integrated View of Socio-Economic and Infrastructure Development." Sustainability 6, no. 10: 7433-7451.
Water supplement has been used to improve water quality in a heavily polluted river with small base flow. However, its adverse impacts particularly on nearby sensitive ecosystems have not been fully investigated in previous studies. In this paper, using the Shenzhen River estuary in China as a case study, the impacts of two potential water supplement schemes (reclaimed water scheme and seawater scheme) on water quality improvement and salinity alteration of the estuary are studied. The influences of salinity alteration on the dominant mangrove species (Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, and Avicennia marina) are further evaluated by comparing the alteration with the historical salinity data and the optimum salinity range for mangrove growth. The results obtained indicate that the targets of water quality improvement can be achieved by implementing the water supplement schemes with roughly the same flow rates. The salinity under the reclaimed water scheme lies in the range of historical salinity variation, and its average value is close to the optimum salinity for mangrove growth. Under the seawater scheme, however, the salinity in the estuary exceeds the range of historical salinity variation and approaches to the upper bound of the survival salinity of the mangrove species which have a relatively low salt tolerance (e.g. A. corniculatum). Therefore, the seawater scheme has negative ecological consequences, while the reclaimed water scheme has less ecological impact and is recommended in this study.
Qiong Su; Huapeng Qin; Guangtao Fu. Environmental and ecological impacts of water supplement schemes in a heavily polluted estuary. Science of The Total Environment 2014, 472, 704 -711.
AMA StyleQiong Su, Huapeng Qin, Guangtao Fu. Environmental and ecological impacts of water supplement schemes in a heavily polluted estuary. Science of The Total Environment. 2014; 472 ():704-711.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQiong Su; Huapeng Qin; Guangtao Fu. 2014. "Environmental and ecological impacts of water supplement schemes in a heavily polluted estuary." Science of The Total Environment 472, no. : 704-711.
Integrated water environmental management in a rapidly urbanizing area often requires combining social, economic and engineering measures in order to be effective. However, in reality, these measures are often considered independently by different planners, and decisions are made in a hierarchical manner; this has led to problems in environmental pollution control and also an inability to devise innovative solutions due to technological lock-in. In this paper, we use a novel coupled system dynamics and water environmental model (SyDWEM) to simulate the dynamic interactions between the socio-economic system, water infrastructure and receiving water in a rapidly urbanizing catchment in Shenzhen, China. The model is then applied to assess the effects of proposed socio-economic or engineering measures on environmental and development indicators in the catchment for 2011-2020. The results indicate that 1) measures to adjust industry structures have a positive effect on both water quantity and quality in the catchment; 2) measures to increase the labor productivity, the water use efficiency, the water transfer quota or the reclaimed wastewater reuse can alleviate the water shortage, but cannot improve water quality in the river; 3) measures to increase the wastewater treatment rate or the pollutant removal rate can improve water quality in the river, but have no effect on water shortage. Based on the effectiveness of the individual measures, a combination of socio-economic and engineering measures is proposed, which can achieve water environmental sustainability in the study area. Thus, we demonstrate that SyDWEM has the capacity to evaluate the effects of both socio-economic and engineering measures; it also provides a tool for integrated decision making by socio-economic and water infrastructure planners
Hua-Peng Qin; Qiong Su; Soon-Thiam Khu. Assessment of environmental improvement measures using a novel integrated model: A case study of the Shenzhen River catchment, China. Journal of Environmental Management 2013, 114, 486 -495.
AMA StyleHua-Peng Qin, Qiong Su, Soon-Thiam Khu. Assessment of environmental improvement measures using a novel integrated model: A case study of the Shenzhen River catchment, China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2013; 114 ():486-495.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHua-Peng Qin; Qiong Su; Soon-Thiam Khu. 2013. "Assessment of environmental improvement measures using a novel integrated model: A case study of the Shenzhen River catchment, China." Journal of Environmental Management 114, no. : 486-495.
Existing water and environmental management models usually separately simulate socio-economic, water infrastructure and natural receiving water systems and thus cannot effectively capture the interactions among economic and population growth, water resource supply and depletion as well as environmental changes, especially in analyzing long-term scenarios of urbanization. In this paper, a system dynamics and water environmental model (SyDWEM) was developed to improve the understanding of the integrated socio-economic and water management system in a rapidly urbanizing catchment. The integrative character of SyDWEM is featured by putting the socio-economic component as an internal sub module of the whole system. It also contains water consumption and pollution load module, water supply module, wastewater treatment module as well as receiving water module. The Shenzhen River catchment was used as a case study to demonstrate usage of the functionality and purpose of the integrated model. The results indicate that SyDWEM has the capacity to predict the socio-economic and environment changes at a catchment scale under proposed socio-economic policies and water infrastructure planning. Therefore, it can help support the integration of decision making in socio-economic development and environment management.
Huapeng Qin; Qiong Su; Soon-Thiam Khu. An integrated model for water management in a rapidly urbanizing catchment. Environmental Modelling & Software 2011, 26, 1502 -1514.
AMA StyleHuapeng Qin, Qiong Su, Soon-Thiam Khu. An integrated model for water management in a rapidly urbanizing catchment. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2011; 26 (12):1502-1514.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuapeng Qin; Qiong Su; Soon-Thiam Khu. 2011. "An integrated model for water management in a rapidly urbanizing catchment." Environmental Modelling & Software 26, no. 12: 1502-1514.
Aerosol mass spectrometry has proved to be a powerful tool to measure submicron particulate composition with high time resolution. Factor analysis of mass spectra (MS) collected worldwide by aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) demonstrates that submicron organic aerosol (OA) is usually composed of several major components, such as oxygenated (OOA), hydrocarbon-like (HOA), biomass burning (BBOA), and other primary OA. In order to help interpretation of component MS from factor analysis of ambient OA datasets, AMS measurements of different primary sources is required for comparison. Such work, however, has been very scarce in the literature, especially for high resolution MS (HR-MS) measurements, which performs improved characterization by separating the ions of different elemental composition at each m/z in comparison with unit mass resolution MS (UMR-MS) measurements. In this study, primary emissions from four types of Chinese cooking (CC) and six types of biomass burning (BB) were simulated systematically and measured using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight AMS (HR-ToF-AMS). The MS of the CC emissions show high similarity, with m/z 41 and m/z 55 being the highest signals; the MS of the BB emissions also show high similarity, with m/z 29 and m/z 43 being the highest signals. The MS difference between the CC and BB emissions is much bigger than that between different CC (or BB) types, especially for the HR-MS. The O/C ratio of OA ranges from 0.08 to 0.13 for the CC emissions and from 0.18 to 0.26 for the BB emissions. The UMR ions of m/z 43, m/z 44, m/z 57, and m/z 60, usually used as tracers in AMS measurements, were examined for their HR-MS characteristics in the CC and BB emissions. In addition, the MS of the CC and BB emissions are also compared with component MS from factor analysis of ambient OA datasets observed in China, as well as with other AMS measurements of primary sources in the literature. The MS signatures of cooking and biomass burning emissions revealed in this study can be used as important reference for factor analysis of ambient OA datasets, especially for the relevant studies in East Asia.
L.-Y. He; Y. Lin; X.-F. Huang; S. Guo; L. Xue; Q. Su; M. Hu; S.-J. Luan; Y.-H. Zhang. Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2010, 10, 11535 -11543.
AMA StyleL.-Y. He, Y. Lin, X.-F. Huang, S. Guo, L. Xue, Q. Su, M. Hu, S.-J. Luan, Y.-H. Zhang. Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2010; 10 (23):11535-11543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL.-Y. He; Y. Lin; X.-F. Huang; S. Guo; L. Xue; Q. Su; M. Hu; S.-J. Luan; Y.-H. Zhang. 2010. "Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 23: 11535-11543.