Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory dermatosis that imposes significant patient and population burdens. In addition to the cutaneous signs and symptoms, growing evidence suggests that AD is systemic in nature. Certain diseases can possibly co-occur with AD as a result of coincidental exposure to similar environmental factors. However, it is also suspected that they are linked to the pathogenesis of AD through more complex genetic and immunological mechanisms, but these correlations remain less understood. It is of great need to seek explanations for the higher frequency of the number of cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurological, psychiatric, and metabolic disorders that have been observed in epidemiologic investigations among AD patients. Moreover, analysing the immunology of chronic inflammation and its correction, activation, or suppression may prevent the development of a variety of comorbidities. As comorbid diseases in patients diagnosed with AD may potentially go undetected, physicians should be aware of them.

Fever is a common symptom in the Intensive Care Unit. At least half of febrile episodes are caused by infection. Excluding infectious etiology and other non-infectious causes of fever, especially in patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders, attention should be paid to disturbances of thermoregulatory centre. In particular, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral trauma, along with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke are strongly associated with the development of central fever. Proper, speedy diagnosis of the cause of fever makes it possible to implement preventive measures against the harmful effects of hyperthermia on the CNS and to avoid the consequences of inappropriate treatment. The aim of this review is to present the current treatment options for the management of central fever and to analyze recent recommendations for the treatment of hyperthermia, including the use of hypothermia. The recommendations of American and European associations are inconsistent, mainly due to the lack of randomized clinical trials confirming the effectiveness of such treatment. The diagnosis of central fever is still made by the exclusion of other causes. The authors of the review intended to present the characteristic features of central fever, differentiating this state from infectious fever and also analyze the presence of central fever in particular neurological diseases. It seems particularly important to establish diagnostic criteria for central fever or to find diagnostic markers. It is also necessary to conduct further randomized clinical trials evaluating the indications for treatment of hyperthermia. Fever is a common symptom in the Intensive Care Unit. At least half of febrile episodes are caused by infection. Excluding infectious etiology and other non-infectious causes of fever, especially in patients with central nervous system (CNS) disorders, attention should be paid to disturbances of thermoregulatory centre. In particular, subarachnoid haemorrhage, cerebral trauma, along with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke are strongly associated with the development of central fever. Proper, speedy diagnosis of the cause of fever makes it possible to implement preventive measures against the harmful effects of hyperthermia on the CNS and to avoid the consequences of inappropriate treatment. The aim of this review is to present the current treatment options for the management of central fever and to analyze recent recommendations for the treatment of hyperthermia, including the use of hypothermia. The recommendations of American and European associations are inconsistent, mainly due to the lack of randomized clinical trials confirming the effectiveness of such treatment. The diagnosis of central fever is still made by the exclusion of other causes. The authors of the review intended to present the characteristic features of central fever, differentiating this state from infectious fever and also analyze the presence of central fever in particular neurological diseases. It seems particularly important to establish diagnostic criteria for central fever or to find diagnostic markers. It is also necessary to conduct further randomized clinical trials evaluating the indications for treatment of hyperthermia.

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition with a significant socioeconomic impact. Approximately one in three patients is resistant to the available therapies, and the mechanisms of this resistance are often unclear. Neuroinflammation, recognised as a potential cause of drug-resistant epilepsy, plays a key role in modulating synaptic transmission and hyperexcitability. In this narrative review, we explore the molecular basis of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and its potential as a source of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. Evidence from human and animal studies indicates a strong association between neuroinflammation and epilepsy, with significant involvement of pro-inflammatory molecules and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We highlight the roles of microglia, astrocytes and inflammatory molecules in epilepsy, suggesting that targeted anti-inflammatory therapies could be promising for treatment. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and to develop new therapeutic approaches. Keywords: neuroinflammation blood-brain barrier cytokine epilepsy seizure

Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (FLE) and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) are the two most frequent types of focal epilepsies and they are connected with difficulties in cognitive functioning. Despite multiple trials to systematize profile of cognitive functioning among children with epilepsy by researchers, the available data are ambiguous. The aim of our study was to compare the cognitive function of children upon diagnosis of TLE and FLE and during follow-up and to compare with a control group of healthy children. Study included 39 patients with newly diagnosed TLE, 24 patients with FLE whose first epileptic seizure occurred between their 6th and 12th year of life and 24 healthy children matched by age, sex and IQ level. Neuropsychological examination was performed the moment of diagnosis and 2–3 years later using diagnostic tools validated and standardized to the patient’s age. Intergroup comparison was conducted in both stages of study. Also, correlation between localization of epileptic focus and cognitive difficulties was analysed. Children with FLE and TLE accomplished worse results in most of the cognitive tasks compared to the control group already in the initial examination. Patients with FLE presented difficulties in memorizing verbal and visual material, attention and in learning new information. Patients with TLE had difficulties in tasks engaging verbal and non-verbal memory and attention. In the follow-up, patients with FLE presented more severe cognitive impairment compared with the other groups. Despite similar tendencies among children with TLE significantly worse results in tasks engaging verbal memory and attention were observed among patients with FLE. It is noteworthy that patients suffering from FLE and TLE present deficits in many aspects of cognitive functioning already at the time of diagnosis. Children and adolescents suffering from epilepsy are at risk of psychosocial difficulties, emotional disorders and mental illnesses. Thus, full assessment of cognitive function is essential in this patient group not only at the moment of diagnosis but also during follow-up in order to quickly introduce an individual support system.