Elderly medication adherence is a challenge in health care. The elderly are often at higher risk for non-adherence, and more likely to be on multiple prescription medications for many comorbidities. This systematic review aimed to explore the current strategies for maintaining older adults’ medication adherence with compensation and technology-mediated strategies. We conducted a systematic review to examine related articles published in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, as well as Google Scholar for additional reference sources by cross-reference review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to guide this review. A total of 217 articles were screened, and 27 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Older adults applied a variety of methods to maintain or enhance their medication adherence. Three studies indicated compensation strategies, 19 studies reported technological assistance, two studies used other strategies (community-offered help or caregivers help), and three studies used a combination of compensation with another strategy or technology. Studies identified various compensation- and technology-based strategies carried out by older adults to help remind them to take medication. This review identified potential benefits of technology and compensation strategy implementation in older adults to increase medication adherence. Although we are conscious of the heterogeneity of the included studies, it remains challenging to determine which elements underpin the most effective approaches.

Semakin tingginya tuntutan masyarakat dan semakin berkembangnya pelayanan yang diberikan menuntut apoteker harus mampu memenuhi keinginan dan tuntutan masyarakat yang beragam. Penilaian kualitas layanan kefarmasian dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengetahui persepsi masyarakat terhadap pelayanan yang sudah diterima dalam pemenuhan harapan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesadaran (general awareness), persepsi, harapan, dan pengalaman masyarakat terhadap peran apoteker dalam memberikan layanan kefarmasian di Apotek Kecamatan Sokaraja, Baturraden, Sumbang, dan Kedungbanteng. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian non-eksperimental dengan metode observasional. Penentuan apotek sebagai lokasi penelitian dilakukan stratified random sampling pada 23 apotek dan pengambilan sampel responden dengan accidental sampling kepada 110 responden. Instrumen penelitian ini berupa kuesioner yang selanjutnya dilakukan skoring dan analisis univariat secara deskriptif. Kemudian dilakukan kategorisasi dengan berdasarkan nilai median. Analisis persepsi masyarakat terhadap peran apoteker di Apotek Kecamatan Sokaraja, Baturraden, Sumbang, dan Kedungbanteng memperoleh hasil diantaranya adalah sebanyak 65,45% masyarakat memiliki kesadaran (general awareness) yang baik, 63,64% memiliki persepsi baik, 59,09% memiliki harapan yang baik, dan 50% memiliki pengalaman yang baik terhadap peran apoteker pada layanan kefarmasian di apotek. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesadaran (general awareness), persepsi, harapan, dan pengalaman masyarakat terhadap peran apoteker di Apotek Kecamatan Sokaraja, Baturraden, Sumbang, dan Kedungbanteng cukup baik. Apoteker perlu menggunakan atribut praktik apoteker (jas atau name tag) di apotek untuk memudahkan masyarakat mengenali apoteker.

Introduction: The pandemic increased pressure on healthcare services and forced limited care in all health facilities to ensure the care of all patients. Telepharmacy appears as an alternative to the remote pharmacy practice approach through information and communication technologies, but there are no comprehensive tools to measure pharmacists’ knowledge, perception, and readiness to implement telepharmacy. This study developed and validated a questionnaire version of the Knowledge, Perceptions, and Readiness of Telepharmacy (KPR-TP) for pharmacists. Methods: The KPR-TP assessed three domains: knowledge, perception, and readiness. Its factor structure, reliability, and validity were assessed using 7730 pharmacists from 34 Indonesian provinces. The validity of the model's three-factor structure was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used to validate the consistency of our factors, whereas convergent and discriminant validity established significant relationships between them. Results: The goodness-of-fit index indicated that the model was economical and reasonable. Furthermore, the correlation between the three domains revealed a significant positive relationship. KRP-TP is a viable instrument for assessing pharmacists’ perceptions of telepharmacy in Indonesia. Conclusion: Overall, we discovered that our questionnaire contains critical constructs for assessing a pharmacist's knowledge, perception, and level of readiness to implement telepharmacy. This study will help pharmacists identify appropriate strategies for skill improvement.

Background: Empathy in the context of healthcare is an immersion experience to comprehend patients' viewpoints, feelings, and emotions, without passing judgment, to ensure they receive the necessary treatment to feel comfortable. Empathy for others must be possessed by healthcare professionals and healthcare students as healthcare professionals’ candidates, including the pharmacy student. This study aimed to identify and assess the determinants related to pharmacy students' empathy. Methods: Three electronic databases were used for the first searches. We used peer-reviewed original papers, full text, must assess determinants that are associated with pharmacy students' empathy, and only be focused on pharmacy students (first to the fourth year) as healthcare professionals candidates. We utilized Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists to observe the quality of published publications and reduce bias. Results: This review examined 14 papers that reported on determinants connected to pharmacy students' empathy. Nine studies evaluated the association between sex and the level of empathy, seven studies reported educational intervention, four studies discussed the year of study, two studies explained the type of school, four studies evaluated experience, and others determinants that discussed in the included studies were career preference, intercultural sensitivity, stigma, altruism, grit, self-awareness, marital status, and family income Conclusions: Educational intervention, experience, gender or sex, type of school, year of study, intercultural sensitivity, career preference, altruism, grit, self-awareness, marital status, and family income, can all have a positive impact on increased empathy among pharmacy students. We acknowledge that the included studies are heterogeneous, indicating that additional studies are necessary before reaching any firm conclusions. More research is needed to properly understand how empathy can be improved with the most effective pharmacy educational strategies. Higher levels of evidence are also required in studies to address the potential bias caused using self-report questionnaires, as well as other potential biases and inaccuracies.

Background: The mobilization of resources to prevent and treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is unparalleled in the history of public health. Nevirapine resistance may decrease the effectiveness of viral suppression with nevirapine-based HIV in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with previous exposure to single-dose nevirapine. However, the alternative lopinavir/ritonavir–based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen is more expensive. Objective: Our objectives were to project the tradeoffs regarding the cost-effectiveness of ART regimens for nevirapine-exposed and lopinavir/ritonavir. Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted using PubMed and SAGE databases, employing search terms such as “cost-effectiveness analysis,” AND “HIV AIDS,” AND “lopinavir,” OR “ritonavir,” AND “nevirapine.” Additionally, hand searches were carried out on Google Scholar with various combinations of these terms to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant studies. Results: Six studies met the our inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The analysis confirms that both nevirapine and lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART regimens are cost effective in a range of settings, despite differences in their relative efficacy and contexts in which they are used. Conclusion: This systematic review collates recent studies on the cost-effectiveness of nevirapine and lopinavir/ritonavir in ART. It showed that in this finding, there are cost effective but this article had wide variation with comparison therapy. Cost-effectiveness results depended on the relative efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir and nevirapine in both first-line and second-line ART.

Watermelon mesocarp contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties that hold significant scientific and industrial interest. Antioxidants from natural sources are increasingly explored for applications in food preservation, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to their efficacy and safety. This study aimed to identify fractions with strong antioxidant potential and explore their industrial applications. The crude extract was fractionated into water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 7.68 ppm, which, while slightly less potent than ascorbic acid (IC50 = 4.09 ppm), demonstrated substantial free radical scavenging ability. This was followed by the water fraction (IC50 = 34.9 ppm), with the n-hexane fraction showing moderate activity (IC50 = 52.07 ppm). The ethyl acetate fraction of watermelon mesocarp extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, highlighting its potential for applications in food preservation and developing cosmetic formulations as a natural antioxidant source.