Oxidative stress is a key cause of gastrointestinal disorders, primarily stomach ulcers. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms caused the body to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body's antioxidant defense system protects against these reactive species. When the degree of ROS production exceeds the normal range, the body's natural defense system fails to neutralize these dangerous free radicals, necessitating need foran exogenous source of natural antioxidants. Natural herbal remedies have been widely employed as antioxidants to relieve oxidative stress in gastric ulcers. Polyphenols, tannins, essential oils, flavonoids, notably quercetin, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin A, and minerals are among the molecules of immense interest in bioassays due to their significant antioxidant effects. In the present review, several natural anti-ulcer medicinal plants along with their antioxidative mechanism have been reported. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were explored to identify the antioxidant and gastroprotective potential of all the plants.

Organophosphates are highly toxic compounds as they are involved in irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, causing various neurotoxic effects via acetylcholine accumulation throughout the nervous system. Traditional treatments for organophosphate poisoning are not effective enough to overcome all the toxic effects. There is a need for alternate treatment of life threatening poisoning of organophosphates. For this purpose a biomimetic nanosponge of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) is prepared, characterized and analysed as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning. In this nanosponge red blood cell membranes are used for coating poly lactic co-glycolic acid nanoparticles. In vitro studies are conducted to investigate the retention of acetylcholinesterase activity on the prepared nanosponge as well as to assess the scavenging ability of prepared nanosponge for model organophosphate, chlorpyrifos. In vivo studies are conducted to evaluate the detoxification potential of nanosponge in rabbit model, poisoned with chlorpyrifos. Hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity of nanosponge/chlorpyrifos complex is also studied in survived rabbits and the data is analysed statistically.

The development of bacterial resistance toward existing antibiotics is a universal problem for human and animal health as well as for food security. In an attempt to overcome this problem, nanotechnology has contributed in the form of nanoformulations. However, these are associated with risks and drawbacks including environmental toxicity, cell injury, issues of high production cost and the scarcity of active ingredients. On the other hand, the green synthesis of nanoformulations via biological methods is a simple, innovative, ecofriendly, cost effective and advanced approach for the treatment of lethal infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms such as staphylococcus aureus. About 30% of humans are asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus in their upper respiratory tract. Clinical diseases caused by S. aureus infections range from mild to severe and may be manifested in the form of pneumonia, osteomyelitis, skin and deep tissue infections. Here, we prepared plant-mediated gold nanoparticles from Camellia sinensis and Cocos nucifera. The green biocompatible nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis. spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, these green gold nanoparticles were investigated for their antimicrobial activity by checking their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). We found that the newly developed bio-nanoparticles showed strong activity against the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Hesperetin, a flavonoid abundant in citrus fruits and various vegetables, has emerged as a promising phytochemical for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). With its strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, hesperidin offers a multifaceted approach to reducing the symptoms and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The pathogenesis of RA involves a complex interplay between inflammatory cytokines, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress. Hesperidin exerts its therapeutic effects by modulating these pathways. This drug prevents the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β, thus reducing inflammation and joint damage. Hesperidin shows immunomodulatory effects by modulating the function of immune cells. It inhibits the activity of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, which play an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, hesperetin inhibits the activation of nuclear factor κB, an important transcription factor involved in the expression of inflammatory genes, and exhibits broad anti-inflammatory effects. Hesperetin supplementation improves clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Hesperetin is a natural compound obtained from food sources and has fewer side effects than traditional rheumatoid arthritis drugs, making it an attractive alternative or complementary treatment. Hespertin is a promising approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its pleiotropic mechanisms of action, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, have great therapeutic potential to reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, stop the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients. This review article highlights the clinical trials needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic benefits of hesperetin and determine its role in the conventional treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

This article is a narrative literature review aimed at synthesizing current scientific knowledge on the nutritional and therapeutic properties of fish eggs and meat. Fish products, particularly fish eggs (roe) and meat, are rich in essential macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, such as omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, vitamins (D, B12, A), and minerals (iodine, selenium, phosphorus). These nutrients are associated with numerous health benefits, including cardiovascular protection, cognitive enhancement, anti-inflammatory effects, and improved joint health. The review also highlights the potential of fish-derived peptides, phospholipids, and antioxidants in modulating immune function and preventing chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, the bioavailability of these nutrients, as influenced by cooking methods and supplements, is discussed about optimizing their health benefits. Sustainability and safety concerns, particularly regarding contaminants like mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls are also addressed, with a focus on ethical harvesting and the environmental impact of fishing practices. Emerging research into fish-based nutraceuticals, functional foods, and innovative drug delivery systems, such as fish-based nanocarriers opens new avenues for enhancing human health. Biotechnological advancements, such as fermentation and hydrolysis, further enhance the bioactive potential of fish products. Overall, fish eggs and meat represent a valuable component of a health-promoting diet, offering significant therapeutic benefits. Future research should focus on sustainable sourcing, maximizing nutrient bioavailability, and further exploring the potential of fish products in disease prevention and treatment.

1. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses in Alphainfluenzavirus, Orthomyxoviridae (Chai et al., 2022; Kovács et al., 2025). These viruses pose significant threats...