Metal‐based nanoparticles (NPs) are particularly important tools in tissue engineering‐, drug carrier‐, interventional therapy‐, and biobased technologies. However, their complex and varied migration and transformation pathways, as well as their continuous accumulation in closed biological systems, cause various unpredictable toxic effects that threaten human and ecosystem health. Considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been made toward understanding these cytotoxic effects, though more research on metal‐based NPs integrated with clinical medicine is required. This review summarizes the mechanisms and evaluation methods of cytotoxicity and provides an in‐depth analysis of the typical effects generated in the nervous, immune, reproductive, and genetic systems. In addition, the challenges and opportunities are discussed to enhance future investigations on safer metal‐based NPs for practical commercial adoption.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) remains a major health problem worldwide. Compared with traditional oral drugs, nasal administration avoids first-pass metabolism and achieve faster and more effective efficacy. In this study, we used the ion crosslinking method to prepare quercetin–chitosan nasal adaptive nanomedicine (QCS) delivery system and evaluated in the treatment of allergic rhinitis mice models. The obtained positively charged nanoparticles with a particle size of 229.2 ± 0.2 nm have excellent characteristics in encapsulation efficiency (79.604%), drug loading rate (14.068%), drug release (673.068 μg) and stability(> 7 days). Excitingly, QCS treatment significantly reduced the number of sneezing and nasal rubbing events in AR mice, while reducing the levels of inflammatory factors such as immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and (IL)-6 to alleviate AR symptoms. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining also showed the damaged nasal mucosa was improved. These experimental results suggest that QCS can effectively suppress allergic inflammation in a mouse model and hold promise as a therapeutic option for allergic rhinitis.

Metal-based nanoparticles have garnered significant usage across industries, spanning catalysis, optoelectronics, and drug delivery, owing to their diverse applications. However, their potential ecological toxicity remains a crucial area of research interest. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in studying the ecotoxicity of these nanoparticles, encompassing exposure pathways, toxic effects, and toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges and future prospects in this research domain. While some progress has been made in addressing this issue, there is still a need for more comprehensive assessments to fully understand the implications of metal-based nanoparticles on the environment and human well-being.

MXene, a novel class of two-dimensional nanomaterials, has garnered significant attention for antitumor drug delivery due to its exceptional properties, including high specific surface area, excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, and tunable surface chemistry. Given the limitations of traditional cancer therapies, such as systemic toxicity and poor tumor targeting, MXene-based nanocarriers offer a promising solution. This review summarizes the intelligent responsive nano-drug delivery system constructed with MXene nanomaterials as a drug carrier material, as well as the research progress of endogenous stimulation (pH value and redox microenvironment), exogenous stimulation (photoheat and ultrasound), and multistimulus-responsive MXene nanomaterials. The aim is to provide valuable insights and inspirations for the further development of effective and safe MXene nanomaterials with antitumor properties.

Background: Nasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive route with rapid absorption and the ability to bypass first-pass metabolism, making it promising for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, nasal diseases such as allergic rhinitis, and other chronic conditions by enabling targeted delivery and crossing the blood-brain barrier.Purpose: To review the advantages of nasal delivery, therapeutic potential of natural products, and how drug delivery systems may overcome bioavailability and solubility issues.Study Design: A literature review analyzing mechanisms, clinical applications, and limitations of natural products in nasal delivery.Methods: Relevant articles published before January 2025 were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, and official sources.Results: Nasal administration improves the bioavailability and absorption of natural products, enhancing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-allergic effects. However, poor solubility and stability remain barriers, which may be mitigated by nanocarriers, liposomes, and other advanced systems.Conclusion: Combining nasal drug delivery with natural products is a promising strategy for treating CNS, nasal, and chronic diseases, potentially improving clinical efficacy and expanding therapeutic options.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical condition characterized by rapid-onset lung inflammation, often resulting in respiratory distress. Current treatments are mainly based on glucocorticoids, but side effects and variable efficacy limit their effectiveness. This has prompted research into novel treatments, focusing on natural-product-based nanomaterials (NP-NMs), which offer a promising alternative. NP-NMs, synthesized from biological sources such as plants and microorganisms, have shown potential in therapy of ALI by enhancing drug delivery, reducing systemic side effects, and modulating inflammation. This review summarizes the latest research on NP-NMs, highlights their advantages in terms of biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and overcoming biologic barriers, and explores the challenges of developing NP-NMs in terms of standardized synthesis methods, comprehensive toxicological evaluation, and optimization for clinical translation. The significance of this review is to provide ideas for the development of more effective treatments for ALI, supporting further investigation into their clinical applicability.