Este estudio examina el esfuerzo fiscal y el cumplimiento voluntario impositivo en Perú. Así, en 2014, la economía peruana recaudó solo el 52.8% de su potencial total. Luego, a través de un experimento se demuestra que las políticas disuasivas no explican por sí solas el cumplimiento tributario; por el contrario, los factores psicológicos, agrupados por la literatura como

This paper explores some economic variables that determine the emerging of new COVID-19 variants and the determinants of vaccination advances in 108 countries during a quarterly period from March 2020 to March 2022. We found that more people being fully vaccinated and more education (measured as schooling years) decrease the probability of the emergence of new COVID-19 variants, but more crowded cities and higher percentages of urban population increase that probability. Furthermore, we found that the percentage of fully vaccinated people depends positively on the country’s preparation to respond to a health crisis, educational levels, and the index of economic complexity (which measures how diverse in the production of goods and services a country is and the level of its infrastructure), and it depends negatively on the percentage of rural populations (which makes vaccination more difficult).

A central assumption in public economics is that individuals’ preferences over the scope of the state reflect their material position. While this premise has been extensively studied in the context of taxation and redistribution, much less is known about whether it extends to attitudes toward ownership and regulation. We provide a large-scale test of this assumption using two complementary sources: cross-national data from waves 4 to 7 of the World Values Survey (1999–2022; 103 countries) and a pre-registered survey conducted in Lima, Peru, with richer measures of both economic position and market policy preferences. Across countries, higher income and public-sector employment are associated with support for privatization in the expected direction, but their explanatory power is extremely limited, accounting for well under 1% of the variance. Moreover, the income gradient varies substantially across countries and is often indistinguishable from zero. Evidence from Lima, using alternative measures of income, wealth, and transfer dependence, yields similarly weak and unstable patterns. By contrast, value orientations (particularly beliefs about competition) are more strongly and consistently associated with support for market-oriented policies.