Public policies and economic incentives are widely used as a strategy to stimulate the use of green technologies and low-emission practices in the waterborne transport sector. Since the Paris Agreement, countries have been encouraged to implement more strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to build resilience against climate change impacts in developing countries. This article presents a literature review on policies, regulations, and programs that represent economic incentives to promote alternatives to decarbonize maritime and inland waterway transport in sixteen countries, including Colombia. More than one hundred thirty sources of information were reviewed, including official portals of governments, port authorities and organizations, and scientific articles; therefore, the incentives found were grouped into three categories: project financing, differentiated port tariffs, and incentives to cover onshore power service fees. As a result of this review, it was found that differentiated port tariffs were the most common type of incentive. Finally, the specific case of Colombia was analyzed, which provides a deeper perspective of current policies and measures aimed at encouraging the decarbonization of waterborne transport and compares them with the international panorama.

The military forces of any nation face great challenges due to changing threats and accelerated technological development. This work aims to analyze the trends in technological innovations at a global level by reviewing secondary information from twenty-three countries and two international organizations: the European Defense Agency (EDA) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Given the great diversity and specificity of the technologies in which each country is innovating, they were grouped into twenty-one categories to facilitate the analysis. The results obtained show a strong trend in investment in nine categories, these being, in descending order: advanced information and communication, naval platforms, emerging technologies, cybersecurity and cyberdefense, detection, missiles, space industry, aerial platforms and educational programs. Finally, it is concluded that investment in research and development, as well as the adoption of advanced technological solutions in the defense sector, are a global trend in the constant search for independence to guarantee security and defense.

Las fuerzas militares enfrentan retos debido al avance acelerado de la tecnología, lo que exige una gestión estratégica de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (CTeI) en el sector defensa. Esta gestión busca mejorar la competitividad y adaptación ante amenazas emergentes, fortaleciendo la seguridad y capacidad operativa de cada país. Por tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los mecanismos de gestión de CTeI aplicados en diferentes países, con especial énfasis en Colombia, para comprender su impacto en la seguridad nacional, el desarrollo tecnológico y la capacidad de adaptación ante cambios estratégicos. Para esto se realizó una revisión bibliográfica que incluye literatura científica, documentos gubernamentales e informes técnicos de diversas fuerzas armadas. Se priorizaron fuentes actualizadas y de reconocido prestigio para identificar y comparar los mecanismos de CTeI en 23 países y dos organizaciones internacionales (EDA y OTAN). Los mecanismos de gestión de CTeI en defensa se estructuran principalmente en planes de desarrollo nacionales, estrategias de seguridad y defensa, y políticas de CTeI. Entre los países analizados, se observa una tendencia hacia la consolidación de una estrategia de innovación que incluye aplicaciones duales para uso militar y civil. España lidera con seis instrumentos integrados, mientras que Colombia muestra avances significativos en alineación estratégica en el sector. La CTeI es fundamental para la modernización y eficacia operativa en el sector defensa, consolidándose como un eje transformador en seguridad y desarrollo industrial. Colombia, al igual que otras naciones, debe continuar fortaleciendo sus capacidades en I+D+i para mantenerse competitivo en el escenario global y responder efectivamente a las demandas de seguridad contemporáneas.

The transportation sector's significant contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily through fossil fuel consumption by motorized vehicles, remains a critical concern. In this industry, maritime transportation independently contributes to 2.89% of total global greenhouse gas emissions, displaying a persistent upward trend even in the face of enhanced efficiency measures implemented in port facilities and vessel operations. In response to this urgent concern, nations and international organizations have been formulating approaches aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in this transportation sector, encompassing the implementation of economic incentives. This article presents the findings of an exploratory-descriptive research endeavor, which aims to identify incentive policies implemented across various countries to expedite the adoption of electromobility in maritime and river transportation, thereby reducing GHG emissions from vessels. Data was gathered from authorized government websites, various organizations, maritime and river transport companies, and port authorities in each respective nation. Furthermore, this study classifies the incentives according to their methodologies and conducts a comparative analysis with the existing landscape in Colombia regarding the adoption of economic incentives for electrifying river transportation within the country. Through this analysis, some insights and recommendations can be derived to promote sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices in Colombia's river and maritime transportation sectors.