Myogenin is a protein in the myogenic regulatory factor family that plays an important role in determining carcass and meat traits and is vital for the growth and development of livestock muscles. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Origanum majorana leaf (MOL) on the myogenin gene expression of lambs. Twenty-four male Kermani lambs were used in a completely randomized design using two experimental groups (0% Origanum majorana L. = MOL0 and 4% Origanum majorana L. = MOL4). Final weight, average daily gain, hot and cold carcass weight, feed conversion ratio, empty body weight, hot and cold dressing percentage, the weight of the shoulder, loin, leg, and lean meat, and the lean/bone ratio were measured. A standard kit was used for extracting total RNA from the loin, leg, and shoulder muscles of the lambs’ tissues. The cDNA was synthesized, a real-time PCR was performed, and the obtained data were analyzed. The results of this study showed that the effect of MOL4 on dry matter intake is not significant. The MOL4 diet increased final weight by 8.22%, average daily gain by 28.57%, hot carcass weight by 11.38%, cold carcass weight by 13.43%, feed conversion ratio by 31.03%, empty body weight by 9.38%, hot dressing percentage by 2.92%, cold dressing percentage by 3.75%, shoulder weight by 56.70%, loin weight by 8.98%, leg weight by 10.90%, lean meat weight by 14.62%, and the lean/bone ratio by 2.85% (p < 0.05) compared to the MOL0. Along with adding MOL4 in the lambs’ diets, in comparison with MOL0, there was higher expression of myogenin in the loin (3.5 times), leg (3.9 times), and shoulder (3.6 times) muscles of the lambs. Due to the fact that adding Origanum majorana to the diet of the lambs enhanced the expression of the myogenin gene in the loin, leg, and shoulder muscles and increased parameters related to growth, it can be used to improve the parameters related to growth and to increase myogenin gene expression in the muscle of lambs.

It has been shown that addition of fennel in the diets of domestic animals has positive and beneficial effects on growth and meat production traits. Thus, the purpose of current study was to investigate the effect of adding fennel in the ration on growth characteristics and on insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene expression in muscle tissue of Kermani lamb. Feeding of animals were performed with three levels of fennel including zero, 10 and 20 g/kg dry matter (DM) for 90 days. After slaughter, small pieces of tissues were removed and rapidly transferred to a nitrogen tank. Then, total RNA extracting and the Real-Time PCR reaction was performed. Results showed that as the level of fennel in the diet increases the amount of IGF1 gene expression also increases significantly in humeral muscle and femur (leg) muscle tissues (p < 0.05). In animals fed with fennel, femur muscle weight, back muscle weight, lean meat weight, final weight, warm carcass weight and live daily gain were greater than in animals fed with diet without fennel (p < 0.05). According to the findings of this investigation, it can be concluded that fennel, by creating positive effects on IGF1 gene expression can be used to improve muscle structure.

Considering the importance of maintaining the genetic diversity in native animals, this study conducted to analyse genetic diversity in dromedary populations in the north of Kerman province, Iran, using eight autosomal microsatellite markers. Eighty-one blood samples were collected from five different populations and DNA was extracted. The highest and the lowest allele number and effective alleles were shown in YWLL08 (21 and 4) and VOLP32 (14.97 and 3.11), respectively. The expected heterozygosity varied from 0.778 in Sahra-e Jahad population to 0.847 in Nogh population. The test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium showed significant deviations in most loci. The mean multilocus FST value (0.057) suggested that differentiation is moderate between populations. From total genetic diversity, only 6% were due to differentiation among populations, while the remaining 94% corresponded to differences among individuals within each population. The results of the current study indicated that the Camelus dromedarius populations in the north of Kerman province have a relativity high genetic variation and the data could be useful for designing the breeding strategies and conservation. The degree of variability demonstrated implies that studied populations are rich reservoirs of genetic diversity that must be preserved. A future direction to our study can be studying all of the Iranian Camelus dromedarius populations to better evaluate the level of inbreeding and establish the appropriate conservation strategies aimed to avoid losses of genetic diversity.

The article describes the efficiency of aseptic arthritis treatment in horses by means of tiotriazolini and dexamethasone. To substantiate the therapeutic effectiveness of the selected drugs, the research was conducted on 12, 18, 24-month horses in the dynamics of aseptic arthritis development and the disease course. The results of the research indicate that the injection of solutions of tiotriazolini and polyvinylpyrolidone intraarterially to prevent the clinical inflammation signs contributed for the improvement of the animals’ general condition after the 3rd injection. The synoviocytogram was already characterized by positive shifts on the 10th day after the second injection of dexamethasone novocaine-based solution with the addition of laevomycetin, which proves the advisability of treating horses of different age groups with aseptic arthritis by means of tiotriazolin and dexamethasone.

A large share of diseases of small animals belongs to parasitic diseases. Some diseases are so common that specialists have probably encountered them often. One of them is known as "babesiosis" or earlier as "piroplasmosis". The danger of this disease lies in the rapid course and deterioration of the animal’s condition, which can lead to death. In order to properly fight and protect your animals, you need to know the enemy face to face. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to study the issue in more detail. When they say "dog tick", they most often mean ixodid ticks – these are parasites that live in the grass during the warm season. It is precisely these parasites that are associated with babesiosis, a disease of dogs that can lead to death very quickly if timely help is not provided. According to statistics for the last five years: – 71% of cases of babesiosis are registered in dogs aged 1 to 5 years – Without treatment, mortality is 80% of cases – Clinical manifestation begins when only 3-5% of erythrocytes are affected – The main carrier of the disease is a tick. The greatest activity of ticks is observed at a temperature from 7 to 22 degrees and with high humidity, which means: in spring and autumn An analysis of current information on the distribution, infection, course, clinical picture, patho-anatomical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of babesiosis in dogs is presented. It has been proven that dogs with babesiosis have a high risk of occurrence and a more severe course. When the tick feeds on the blood of dogs, babesia sporozoites are transferred to the bloodstream together with saliva and penetrate into erythrocytes. During repeated cycles of asexual reproduction (merogony), babesia merozoites reproduce and destroy more and more new erythrocytes. Repeated transmission of infection to ticks comes from dogs with babesiosis. In the tick’s body, babesia reproduces through sexual cycles and penetrates the tick’s organs, including the ovaries, thereby infecting tick eggs and larvae. In dogs, the incubation period varies depending on the type of pathogen. Usually it is 2-3 weeks. For example, the incubation period of B. canis lasts 10-21 days, and B. gibsoni – 14-28 days. A protozoan natural focal disease with a transmissible transmission mechanism, the causative agent of which is the single-celled blood parasite Babesia canis Piana et Galli-Valerio 1895. The parasite is widespread throughout the globe and affects not only domestic dogs, but also animals of related species. In addition, another species is found in South and Southeast Asia – Babesia gibsoni Patton 1910. According to the nosological profile, Babesia canis is most often diagnosed. Велика частка хвороб дрібних тварин належить до паразитарних захворювань. Деякі захворювання настільки поширене, що ймовірно спеціалісти часто стикалися з ними. Одно з них відоме під назвою «бабезіоз» або раніше, як «піроплазмоз». Небезпека цієї недуги полягає в швидкій течії і погіршенні стану тварини, яке може призвести до летального результату. Щоб правильно боротися і захищати своїх тварин, потрібно знати ворога в обличчя. Тому метою наших досліджень було вивчення питання докладніше. Коли говорять «кліщ у собаки», частіше за все мають на увазі іксодових кліщів – це паразити, що живуть у траві у теплий період року. Саме з цими паразитами пов’язаний бабезіоз – захворювання собак, яке може призвести до смерті дуже швидко, якщо вчасно не надати допомогу. Згідно статистиці за останні п’ять років: − 71% випадків бабезіозу реєструють у собак у віці від 1 до 5 років − Без лікування летальність становить 80% випадків − Клінічний прояв починається при ураженні всього лише 3-5% еритроцитів − Основний переносник захворювання – кліщ. Найбільша активність кліщів спостерігається при температурі від 7 до 22 градусів і при підвищеній вологості, а значить: навесні-восени Представлено аналіз актуальної інформації щодо поширення, зараження, перебігу, клінічної картини, патологоанатомічної картини, діагностики, лікування, та профілактики бабезіозу собак. Доведено високий ризик виникнення та більш тяжкий їх перебігу у собак хворих на бабезіоз. Коли кліщ харчується кров’ю собак, спорозоїти бабезії разом зі слиною передаються в кровообіг і проникають в еритроцити. Протягом повторюваних безстатевих циклів розмноження (мерогонія), мерозоїти бабезії, розмножуючись руйнують дедалі нові еритроцити. Повторна передача інфекції кліщам походить від хворих на бабезіоз...

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in immune modulation in poultry and has potential applications in veterinary and human medicine. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), probiotics, or their combination on IL-8 gene expression in the livers and spleens of broiler chickens. A total of 160 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) were assigned to four treatments (basal diet, basal diet + 0.2 g/kg probiotic, basal diet + 0.5% mealworm, and basal diet + 0.2 g/kg probiotic + 0.5% mealworm) in a completely randomized design. After 42 days, RNA was extracted from liver and spleen tissues, and IL-8 expression was quantified using qRT-PCR. High RNA integrity was confirmed by clear 18S and 28S rRNA bands (2:1 ratio) on agarose gel electrophoresis, with specific IL-8 amplification verified by a single 200 bp band and a melting curve peak at 81.5°C. All treatments significantly increased IL-8 expression compared to the control (P < 0.05), with the combined mealworm and probiotic treatment showing a significantly greater effect in both tissues, indicating a synergistic interaction. These findings suggest that mealworms and probiotics enhance immune competence in broiler chickens, likely through modulation of antimicrobial peptides and the gut microbiota. Although IL-8 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, its moderate upregulation in healthy birds represents beneficial immune activation and improved readiness against pathogens rather than harmful inflammation. This immune stimulation is specific to the chickens themselves and does not imply that consuming their meat or products would increase IL-8 or enhance immunity in humans. The synergistic effect of mealworms and probiotics highlights their potential as functional feed additives for improving poultry health. Further research is needed to identify the underlying bioactive components and to confirm these effects under disease-challenge conditions.