L’élevage camelin en Afrique du Nord connaît un regain d’intérêt après une période de déclin qui a suivi les indépendances. Ce regain se matérialise par une remontée des effectifs nationaux, une plus grande intégration du lait de chamelle dans l’économie marchande avec l’émergence de mini-laiteries, un développement notable de la filière viande de dromadaire pour laquelle les pays du Maghreb sont des importateurs importants, et des tentatives récentes de valorisation des sous-produits comme le cuir ou la laine. Par ailleurs, les activités de loisir et de tourisme représentent également une source de revenus pour les familles d’éleveurs dans les régions les plus touristiques. Au final, en dépit d’une certaine marginalité de cet élevage, sa place dans les économies nationales est grandissante et mérite d’être soutenue.

Livestock farming in arid rangelands constitutes a key component in the agricultural sector, particularly in developing countries. Farms have rapidly changed in recent decades, which has resulted in the modification of their structure, management and economic performance. Nowadays, livestock production in arid rangelands is threatened by climate change, coupled with the impact of complex interactions among social, economic and political factors. The present study analyses the main changes that have occurred on farms in the arid rangelands of south Tunisia from 2004 to 2019 and discusses the factors that explain the geographical patterns of such changes. Data were collected through face-to-face questionnaires with 73 farmers in two years (2004 and 2019). Information included farm structure and management, resources use and economic performance. Multivariate statistical methods analysed the differences in farm typologies between dates and the different pathways of change. Results showed that most farms increased herd size and cereal area for feeding the sheep, and reduced the time spent in rangelands. These changes could be partly explained as a response to decreasing gross margins per livestock unit and the deployment of policies fostering the use of agriculture-based feed resources. Despite these general trends, the variability among pathways of change was wide. Few farms kept using rangelands by focusing on sheep or camel production. Small sheep farms intensified the use of off-farm feeds in the north of the study area, where ecological conditions favoured agriculture. Feed supplementation allowed herd size and animal production to increase, with a substantial risk of susceptibility to market fluctuations. The economic results showed that camel farming combined with small ruminant species can lead to a similar profitability to, or even higher than, large farms that focus solely on sheep and rely on feed supplementation. We conclude that the current situation of livestock farming in arid rangelands remains fragile and their long-term viability is uncertain.

Les relations entre le dromadaire et l’oasis relèvent d’une certaine ambiguïté car le dromadaire, animal du nomade par excellence, marque les territoires désertiques de sa mobilité alors que l’oasis est, par essence, un point d’attache. Si, au cours de l’histoire, le dromadaire ne pénétrait en ville que pour les étapes caravanières (les caravansérails), il n’y demeurait que rarement sauf à jouer les auxiliaires pour l’agriculture oasienne. L’évolution des systèmes de production, l’augmentation de la demande en protéines animales pour approvisionner une population urbaine grandissante, ainsi que les espérances sociales des éleveurs nomades en matière d’éducation et de santé ont contribué à modifier la relation entre les élevages de dromadaire et la ville oasienne. Le développement d’un élevage camelin périurbain tant pour l’approvisionnement en lait qu’en viande a bouleversé les antiques liens entre nomades et sédentaires, se traduisant par une interpénétration accrue des activités portées par les uns et les autres. L’article s’appuie sur plusieurs exemples des évolutions constatées en Afrique saharienne (Mauritanie, Algérie, Tunisie), au Sahel (Tchad, Niger), au Moyen-Orient (Arabie saoudite) et en Asie centrale (Kazakhstan, Turkménistan). Relations between dromedary and oasis belong to a certain ambiguity because the dromedary, animal of the nomad, marks the desert by its mobility while the oasis is, by essence, a point of attachment. If, throughout history, the camel was entering in the city for the caravan steps (caravanserais), he remained rarely inside except to play the role of auxiliary in the oasis agriculture. Change in production systems, increase in demand for animal proteins to supply a growing urban population, and social expectations of the nomadic pastoralists in education and health have contributed to change the relationships between the camel farms and the oasis city. The development of periurban camel farming system both for milk and meat supply has upset the former links between nomads and sedentary people, resulting in an increasing interpenetration of the activities brought by both. The paper relies on several examples of development in Saharan Africa (Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia), Sahel Africa (Chad, Niger), Middle East (Saudi Arabia) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).

In Tunisia, the agricultural sector faces multiple challenges that affect both productivity and farmers’ livelihoods. Although agroecology is increasingly recognized as a pathway to sustainable agriculture, the extent of its adoption by farmers remains unclear. This study assesses the agroecological performance of 50 farms in the Sbikha delegation of the Kairouan governorate (Central Tunisia), using the Tool for Agroecological Performance Evaluation (TAPE), developed by the FAO. This tool assesses how existing cropping systems align with the 10 principles of agroecology and explores their potential for further transition. The results reveal a modest level of agroecological adoption, averaging only 41%. Several factors influence this outcome, including limited farmer knowledge and technical capacity, a weak institutional and organizational framework, and low diversification of cropping systems. Furthermore, three types of farms were identified based on their production systems: farms specializing in fruit trees, farms specializing in cereal and vegetable crops, and farms specializing in olive and vegetable crops. Among these, fruit tree farms exhibit a higher level of agroecological transition, averaging 51%. This increased diversification enhances resilience to market fluctuations. To accelerate the agroecological transition, several key measures should be implemented. Updating land property titles would improve access to credit by enabling farmers to provide the necessary guarantees. Additionally, targeted training programs and awareness-raising initiatives could strengthen technical capacities, thereby facilitating the adoption of agroecological practices. These interventions would enhance farmers’ economic resilience, support sustainable agricultural production, and promote equitable rural development.

Goat farming represents a critical component of rural livelihoods, food security, and cultural heritage in southeastern Tunisia. This study adopts a multi-stakeholder approach to analyze the goat value chain in Tataouine, incorporating focus groups, semi-structured questionnaires, and direct observations with 80 farmers, 3 veterinarians, 13 butchers, and 100 consumers. The findings reveal strong local demand, with 72% of consumers purchasing goat meat and 66% consuming milk. However, significant inefficiencies exist, particularly a misalignment between production and market requirements: while 92% of butchers prefer fattened animals, only 16% of farmers engage in fattening practices. Women constitute 49% of dairy processors, yet face persistent resource constraints. Climate pressures exacerbate these challenges, with 80% of farmers reporting water scarcity and 93.8% observing pasture degradation. Three strategic interventions emerge as pivotal for sustainable development: targeted support for feed-efficient fattening techniques, establishment of women-led dairy processing collectives, and implementation of climate-resilient water management systems. These measures address core constraints while leveraging existing strengths of the production system. The study presents a transferable framework for livestock value chain analysis in arid regions, demonstrating how integrated approaches can enhance both economic viability and adaptive capacity while preserving traditional pastoral systems.