Background: The policy of the Physical Education (PE) Entrance Examination for Senior High School (PEESHS) is an operable and measurable educational policy proposed by the Chinese government to solve the youth’s physical health problems and promote health in middle school students. In recent years, the reform of PEESHS policy has brought youth sports to a new climax, and determining how to achieve the maximum benefit of health promotion with the PEESHS policy is the current focus of the Chinese government, society, schools, and families. The primary purpose was to investigate the health promotion benefits of PE on junior high school students under PEESHS policy and clarify the differences and correlation of overall health, physical fitness, sports participation, social adaptation, and learning facilitation. The secondary aim was to assess the practical value of PEESHS policy implementation on health promotion. Methods: The questionnaire of this study was compiled in four steps, and 31 provincial capitals across China were selected as sampling areas, using the convenience sampling method and snowball sampling method, respectively. The number of questionnaires collected was 11,373 (5703 online; 5670 offline), of which 8574 were valid, with an efficiency rate of 75.4%. Ultimately, 8574 students (4199 girls; 4375 boys) were recruited from junior high schools in 31 provinces and municipalities. Data analyses were performed using ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson bivariate correlation. Results: The results showed that the PEESHS significantly improved participants’ physical fitness, interpersonal relationships, exercise participation, learning efficiency, and psychological health after preparing for PEESHS. Exercise participation and physical fitness showed the most significant positive correlation. Excessive sports intensity was detrimental to health promotion. Conclusion: The PEESHS policy has significantly impacted the health of students participating in PEESHS.

Early childhood development is important for the future developmental behavior, physical fitness, and social adaptation. The content of the physical education curriculum in kindergarten is crucial for the growth of preschool children. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of 12-week of 4 different physical education curriculum interventions on developmental behavior and balance ability, and the correlation between these two factors in preschool children. 94 preschool children aged 4–6 years were stratified and randomly assigned to tennis group (TG), football group (FG), sensory integration group (SIG), and control group (CG). All interventions resulted in greater improvements in all developmental behavior indicators and balance ability after intervention compared to baseline. The SIG showed greater improvements in total development quotient (DQ), gross motor DQ, fine motor DQ, and balance ability than the other three groups after intervention. No significant difference in balance ability between FG and SIG was found. There was a positive and significant correlation between adaptability DQ, social behavior DQ, and balance ability after SIG intervention. The SIG training could correlate children’s balance ability with their social behavior and adaptability. The sensory integration curriculum might be the optimal curriculum to promote the efficient improvement of preschool children’s developmental behavior and motor competence.

Background: Resistance and functional exercise are core non-pharmacological strategies for sarcopenia management. Protein or protein-related supplementation is commonly used to support exercise-induced adaptations, but the comparative effects of different supplementation strategies when added to exercise remain unclear. Objective: This systematic review and network meta-analysis compared the additional effects of different protein or protein-related supplementation strategies combined with resistance or functional exercise on grip strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), and timed up-and-go (TUG) performance in older adults with sarcopenia or at high risk of sarcopenia. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and SinoMed were searched from inception to March 16, 2026. Randomized controlled trials comparing exercise plus protein or protein-related supplementation with the same or comparable exercise program plus placebo, no additional supplementation, or exercise alone were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Pairwise and frequentist network meta-analyses were conducted, and intervention rankings were assessed using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Results: Eighteen randomized controlled trials involving 1,341 participants and 12 combined intervention strategies were included. Pairwise meta-analysis showed that supplementation added to exercise significantly improved grip strength (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.58) and ASMI (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.35), but not timed up-and-go (TUG) performance (SMD = −0.39, 95% CI: −0.96 to 0.18). For TUG performance, negative SMD values indicate beneficial effects because lower TUG values represent better mobility. Network meta-analysis suggested potential outcome-specific effects of several supplementation strategies, including β -hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)-based supplementation, whey- or leucine-enriched protein supplementation, and whey protein/essential amino acids combined with vitamin D strategies for grip strength, and whey- or leucine-enriched protein supplementation for ASMI. The combination of whey protein/essential amino acids and vitamin D with functional exercise showed a potential improvement in TUG performance; however, this finding was based on limited evidence and may largely reflect the contribution of functional exercise components. However, given the sparse evidence network and very low certainty of evidence, intervention rankings should be considered exploratory rather than definitive. Conclusion: Adding protein or protein-related supplementation to resistance or functional exercise may improve muscle strength and ASMI in older adults with sarcopenia or at high risk. HMB-, whey protein-, or leucine-based strategies showed potential benefits for specific outcomes; however, given the very low certainty of evidence and sparse comparative networks, no single supplementation strategy can be considered definitively superior. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, CRD420261396976.