This article presents a new artificial neural network (ANN)-based calibration mechanism for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The proposed mechanism applies ANN to realize the bijective vector recovery mapping (VRM) for nonlinearity calibration and thus effectively suppresses both harmonic distortions and spurs. A new ANN-based calibrator is designed to calibrate both single-channel nonlinearity and interchannel mismatches and significantly improve the performance of ADCs. Through signal-fitting-based training process and noise adding, the proposed mechanism and calibrator can calibrate the general nonlinearity and mismatches of ADCs, including but not limited to the typical nonideality that conventional calibration techniques commonly concern (such as interstage gain error, digital-to-analog converter (DAC) error, and timing mismatch). For verification, an on-chip ANN-based calibrator is implemented in a 12-bit 600-MS/s four-channel time-interleaved (TI) ADC prototype. The measurement results show that signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) are improved from 32.79 and 35.30 to 62.45 and 74.21 dB, respectively. Another off-chip ANN-based calibrator is applied to a commercial 12-bit 5.4-GS/s four-channel ADC, and the results show that the SNDR and SFDR are improved from 42.38 and 43.17 to 53.98 and 78.25 dB, respectively.

Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between allergy and different subtypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Methods: A total of 83 patients with CRSwNP and 20 patients with nasal septum deviation (NSD) as controls were enrolled in our study. Nasal tissue was obtained from all subjects during surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed and the CRSwNP cases were classified into eosinophilic nasal polyps (ENP) and noneosinophilic nasal polyps (nENP) cases according to the percent of eosinophils. The Allergy Screen test was used to detect total and specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against 5 kinds of common inhalant allergens. Results: There were 28 (33.73%) patients with ENP and 55 with nENP. Total IgE levels were significantly increased in ENP compared with nENP patients. The IgE level was significantly correlated with the eosinophil count. According to the 5 kinds of common inhalant allergens, only ENP patients exhibited higher sensitivity to dust mites. Conclusion: Patients with ENP showed significantly higher IgE levels when compared with patients with nENP based on allergy.

Background: Mpox has shown a westward spreading trend in China and university students are a high-risk group. This study aimed to assess the current status of Mpox-related knowledge, attitudes, vaccination willingness, and associated factors among college students in northwestern China, so as to provide a basis for formulating targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional survey utilizing a structured questionnaire was administered to students from nine higher education institutions in northwestern China between October 1 and 14, 2024. Results: The study sample comprised 3,483 university students, of whom 56.90% were female, 84.81% identified as Han ethnicity, 60.03% resided in rural areas, 52.89% were younger than 20 years, and 57.45% were enrolled in medical-related majors. The median Mpox knowledge score (Kscore) was 10, with only 33.68% classified into the high-score group (>11). Kscore was significantly higher among female, medical major, and urban residents, whereas smokers and alcohol consumers exhibited lower scores (all p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified medical major [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.336] and Han ethnicity (aOR = 1.242) as protective factors associated with higher Kscore, while male gender (aOR = 0.808), rural residence (aOR = 0.847), and alcohol consumption (aOR = 0.739) were risk factors. Vaccine acceptance was reported by 81.94% of participants, and side effects were primary concern for hesitancy. Female gender (aOR = 0.665), younger age (<20 years; aOR = 2.169), and heterosexual orientation (aOR = 2.835) were associated with greater willingness to receive vaccination. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Kscore and proactive information-seeking ( r = 0.235, p < 0.001), vaccination willingness ( r = 0.148, p < 0.001), and healthcare-seeking behavior ( r = 0.146, p < 0.001). Conclusion: College students in northwestern China have insufficient Mpox knowledge but high vaccination acceptance. Targeted health education interventions should be implemented via new media platforms, focusing on male students, rural residents, and alcohol consumers, to enhance understanding of transmission routes and vaccine safety, reduce stigma, and strengthen Mpox prevention and control among young people in northwestern China.

Rigorous compliance with food hygienic rules is essential to guarantee food safety and prevent foodborne diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate of food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices among handlers employed in college canteen in Northwestern China. A cross-sectional study based on cultural structured self-report questionnaire and convenient sampling was conducted in 12 cities or districts from May 1, 2024, to June 30, 2024. Chi-square test, T-test, Linear regression analysis and Logistic regression were conducted. Realization of data analysis was based on IBM SPSS Statistics 25. 479 valid questionnaires were collected. The majority of food handlers were female (70.56%), under 50 years old (91.65%), and with health card (95.82%). The mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice among all surveyed individuals were 10.05 ± 2.182 (full grade = 15), 45.23 ± 5.133 (full grade = 50) and 48.18 ± 3.612 (full grade = 50) respectively. There was a positive correlation among knowledge, attitude and practice. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that female (OR = 2.586, 95%CI: 1.598-4.189), low knowledge score (OR = 0.509, 95%CI: 0.314-0.825) and low attitude score (OR = 0.225, 95%CI: 0.143-0.354) was significantly related to higher practice score. All surveyed individuals had an inclination to study food safety knowledge, with professional training being the most favored approach, followed by lectures, new media platforms, on-site supervision and peer instruction. The surveyed Food handlers demonstrated sufficient knowledge, but inferior when compared to attitudes and practices related to food safety. Food safety health education focusing on regulations and operational details should be implemented base on multiple approaches to deepen employe's awareness and prevent foodborne diseases.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a recognized risk factor for chronic lower respiratory diseases (CLRD) mortality. While Environmental Justice frameworks