Energy is a key driver of all modern economies. Sustainable development is playing an increasingly important role both at regional and local levels. It is a compromise between social and economic needs and the preservation of nature. In the policy of the European Union, the idea of sustainable development and environmental protection is of decisive importance for the implemented programs and economic activities. Contemporary challenges require the transformation of the energy market towards greater use of renewable sources. According to Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and European Council on promoting energy from renewable sources, Poland has committed itself to achieving a 23% share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption by 2030. This goal considers total energy consumption in terms of power, engineering, heating, refrigeration, and transport. The aim of this paper was, firstly, an analysis of the share of renewable energy in the European Union over an 18-year period (2004–2021), with particular emphasis on the position of Poland. The second objective was the analysis of renewable energy at the local level in Poland, i.e., at the local government unit (LAU) level. Changes in the share of renewable energy in Poland compared to other European countries were also examined. The study utilized functional analysis of principal components and cluster analysis based on the data from the Central Statistical Office and EUROSTAT. The study found that while Poland does not differ significantly from other countries in using renewable energy, it does fall below the European average. Principal component analysis suggests that Poland responds adequately to European changes in the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption. This dynamic is stable (over 95% explained by the first component) and applies to most countries surveyed. In addition, the authors sought to answer questions relating to the current status of renewable energy sources in Poland, the barriers and challenges facing the introduction of renewable energy in the country, a comparative analysis of Poland’s progress in renewable energy with other global counterparts, and an exploration of the future prospects and potential for the development of renewable energy in Poland. The study found that the potential for renewable energy is greatest in the northern areas of Poland, with photovoltaics and wind power plants providing the greatest capacity. Poland’s renewable energy potential is very high and will be determined by technological development, political, economic, and social issues.

Results of epidemiological and public health surveys are often presented in the form of cross-classification tables. It is sometimes difficult to analyze data described in this way and to understand relations between variables. Graphical methods such as correspondence analysis are more convenient and useful. Our paper describes an application of correspondence analysis to epidemiological research. We apply the basic concepts of correspondence analysis like profiles, chi-square distance to medical data concerning prevalence of asthma. We aim at describing the relationship between asthma, region, and age. The data presented in this paper come from Epidemiology of Allergy in Poland (ECAP) survey in years 2006–2008. Correspondence analysis shows that there is a fundamental difference in the structure of age groups for people with symptoms compared to those who have declared asthma (regardless of the level of symptoms of asthma and the level of declaration). The variable which best differentiates declared asthma in all regions is “wheezing and whistling.” Correspondence analysis also shows significant differences between locations. Our analyses are performed in the R package “ca”.

A new method of detecting a change in a sequence of independent observations is presented. The method is based on the concept of a moving vertically trimmed box and a minimax decision rule. This approach takes into account the admissible level of the change.

For interval estimation of the fraction of the population with a stigmatizing characteristic, the nonrandomized response model proposed by Tian, Yu, and Geng (2007) is considered. The most common method for constructing a confidence interval (c.i.) is thr

The estimation of the fraction of a population with a stigmatizing characteristic is the issue that this study attempts to address. In this paper the nonrandomized response model proposed by Tian et al. (2007) is considered. The exact confidence interval (CI) for this fraction is constructed. The optimal sample size for obtaining the CI of a given length is also derived. In order to estimate the proportion of the population with a stigmatizing characteristic, we explore the nonrandomized response model proposed by Tian et al. (2007). The prevalent approach to constructing a CI involves applying the Central Limit Theorem. Unfortunately, such CIs fail to consistently maintain the prescribed confidence level, contradicting the Neyman (1934) definition o f C Is. I n t his p aper, w e p resent t he c onstruction o f a n e xact CIs for this proportion, ensuring adherence to the designated confidence l evel. T he l ength of the proposed CI depends on both the given probability of a positive response to a neutral question and the sample size. For these CIs, the probability of a positive response to a neutral question is established in relation to the provided limit on the privacy protection of the interviewee. Additionally, we derive the optimal sample size for obtaining a CI of a given length.

Jednym z problemów w badaniach ankietowych jest szacowanie odsetka odpowiedzi na pytania drażliwe. Wymaga on stosowania specjalnych modeli odpowiedzi. Pierwszym tego typu modelem był model zrandomizowanych odpowiedzi [Warner 1965]. Obecnie istnieje wiele innych modeli. Wśród nich znajduje się krzyżowy model niezrandomizowanych odpowiedzi [Yu i in. 2008]. Estymator odsetka pytań drażliwych w tym modelu może przyjmować wartości spoza przedziału á0, 1ñ. W pracy zostanie pokazany wpływ, jaki na własności tego estymatora ma jego zawężenie do przedziału á0, 1ñ.