Chemically converted graphene that was reduced with phenylhydrazine was highly dispersed in organic solvents, and its “paper” prepared by filtration of the reduced graphene possessed an electrical conductivity value as high as 20 950 S m⁻¹.

The ultra-low density graphene xerogel was prepared through the chemical reduction of graphene oxide suspension using a hypophosphorous acid–iodine mixture. The chemically converted graphene xerogel (CCGX) exhibited superior electrical conductivity (up to 500 S m⁻¹) and high C/O atomic ratio (14.7), which were the highest values reported for the graphene-based xerogel.

The immobilization of miniscule quantities of RuO₂ (∼0.1%) onto one-dimensional (1D) TiO₂ nanorods (NRs) allows H₂ evolution from water under visible light irradiation. Rod-like rutile TiO₂ structures, exposing preferentially (110) surfaces, are shown to be critical for the deposition of RuO₂ to enable photocatalytic activity in the visible region. The superior performance is rationalized on the basis of fundamental experimental studies and theoretical calculations, demonstrating that RuO₂(110) grown as 1D nanowires on rutile TiO₂(110), which occurs only at extremely low loads of RuO₂, leads to the formation of a heterointerface that efficiently adsorbs visible light. The surface defects, band gap narrowing, visible photoresponse, and favorable upward band bending at the heterointerface drastically facilitate the transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers.