This review presents a comparative analysis of the literature and the authors’ data on the ultrastructural reorganization of plant chloroplasts adapting to abiotic factors of different...

A comparative analysis of available data suggests that metal and metal oxide nanoparticles widely used in plant physiology participate in the regulation of pro-/antioxidant balance in higher plants. The dual role of nanoparticles is shown: on the one hand, they act as triggers of oxidative stress and, on the other hand, they can counteract stress development and improve the efficiency of the plant’s antioxidant system. Under abiotic stress conditions, nanoparticles can act as adaptogens, thus enhancing the antioxidant defense of plants. Possible mechanisms of nanoparticle action, as well as the prospects for their application in fundamental science and agriculture are discussed.