Cellulose nanomaterials from plant fibre provide various potential applications (i.e., biomedical, automotive, packaging, etc.). The biomedical application of nanocellulose isolated from plant fibre, which is a carbohydrate-based source, is very viable in the 21st century. The essential characteristics of plant fibre-based nanocellulose, which include its molecular, tensile and mechanical properties, as well as its biodegradability potential, have been widely explored for functional materials in the preparation of aerogel. Plant cellulose nano fibre (CNF)-based aerogels are novel functional materials that have attracted remarkable interest. In recent years, CNF aerogel has been extensively used in the biomedical field due to its biocompatibility, renewability and biodegradability. The effective surface area of CNFs influences broad applications in biological and medical studies such as sustainable antibiotic delivery for wound healing, the preparation of scaffolds for tissue cultures, the development of drug delivery systems, biosensing and an antimicrobial film for wound healing. Many researchers have a growing interest in using CNF-based aerogels in the mentioned applications. The application of cellulose-based materials is widely reported in the literature. However, only a few studies discuss the potential of cellulose nanofibre aerogel in detail. The potential applications of CNF aerogel include composites, organic–inorganic hybrids, gels, foams, aerogels/xerogels, coatings and nano-paper, bioactive and wound dressing materials and bioconversion. The potential applications of CNF have rarely been a subject of extensive review. Thus, extensive studies to develop materials with cheaper and better properties, high prospects and effectiveness for many applications are the focus of the present work. The present review focuses on the evolution of aerogels via characterisation studies on the isolation of CNF-based aerogels. The study concludes with a description of the potential and challenges of developing sustainable materials for biomedical applications.

Pulp and husk are the two largest types of coffee by-products in coffee processing. This research aims to study the effect of coffee by-product type (pulp and husk) and sugar concentration (10, 15, and 20%) on cascara kombucha's chemical and sensory quality. The parameters analyzed were pH value, total phenolic content (TPC), total tannin, antioxidant activity, and sensory (hedonic and descriptive). The results showed that the type of coffee by-products and sugar concentration affected the quality of cascara kombucha. The pH values obtained ranged from 2.81-2.98, TPC 63.69 mg GAE/L-80.60 mg GAE/L, tannin 0.46%-0.89%, antioxidant activity 0.46%-0.89%, and total alcohol 0.19%-0.46%. The pH and tannin values of cascara kombucha tended to decrease and TPC increased with increasing concentration of sugar added using both pulp and husk. Antioxidant activity was higher in cascara kombucha using husk and increased with increasing sugar concentration. The higher alcohol content was obtained in cascara kombucha using pulp at higher sugar concentrations. The level of liking for cascara kombucha's color, aroma, and taste varied from dislike to like, with a description of color from weak to strong brown color. The description of cascara kombucha's aroma and sour taste was consistent, tending to be stronger at higher sugar additions using both pulp and husk. The sweet taste of cascara kombucha is obtained stronger in cascara kombucha using husk with higher sugar concentrations. Overall, the use of husk with higher sugar concentration resulted in a better quality cascara kombucha. The implication of this study encourages the utilization of husk more widely in addition to the pulp which has been more widely studied in wet coffee processing.

Background and objectives: This study was designed to determine uric acid concentration and renal histopathology of Muntingia calabura L. stem bark extract in diabetic rats and to compare the natural product of M. calabura L. stem bark extract with allopurinol. Materials and Methods: A completely randomized design was used for the experiment, which consisted of six treatment groups, each consisting of four rats, as follows: 1) NR, normal rat; 2) KN, diabetic rat (negative control); 3) KP, diabetic rats given allopurinol 10 mg/kg body weight; 4) EM150, diabetic rats given the test extract 150 mg/kg body weight/day; 5) EM300, diabetic rats given the test extract 300 mg/kg body weight/day; and 6) EM450, diabetic rats given for extract 450 mg/kg body weight/ day. Results: The results showed that M. calabura L. stem bark extract decreased (p < 0.05) uric acid concentrations in diabetic rats and no specific damage to renal proximal tubular cells was seen. Conclusions: It was concluded that M. calabura L. stem bark extract has a potential as an antihyperuricemic in diabetic rats. The recommended dose was 300 mg/kg body weight to provide a significant effect on reducing the uric acid level in diabetic rats. Our results support the use of this plant for the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases.

This study aims to determine the effect of Aloe vera extract in reducing formaldehyde levels in salted squid and determine the organoleptic characteristics of salted squid after being given Aloe vera extract. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 6 replications: P0 (0% Aloe vera extract), P1 (10% Aloe vera extract), P2 (20% Aloe vera extract), and P3 (30% Aloe vera extract). Data were analyzed by using an analysis of variants at a significant level α = 0.05 followed by Duncan's Test. The average formalin content before given aloe vera extract in P0, P1, P2, P3 was 3.65 mg / L, 4.08 mg / L, 4.09 mg / L, 3.96 mg/ L, respectively and after being given aloe vera extract was 2.75 mg/L, 2.58 mg / L, 1.63 mg / L, 2.82 mg / L, respectively. Administration of Aloe vera extract showed a significant reduction of formaldehyde levels in salted squid (p<0.05). Moreover, it was affecting the quality of salted squid in terms of color, aroma, and texture. It can be concluded that the administration of 20% Aloe vera extracts effective for reducing the formaldehyde levels, improve the quality of color, aroma, and texture in salted squid.

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf has a natural mouthwash used as an alternative to commercial mouthwash. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of giving scented Pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) using nanoemulsion technique as a natural mouthwash. This study used an experimental method with a trial of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications. Data were analysed using Analysis of variance Test and Duncan at α=0.01 (99% confidence level). The result of giving 21-day natural mouthwash showed that P3 (4% extract) has the average salivary pH higher than the value of P1 (1% extract) and P2 (2 % extract), and the average salivary pH value of P3 (4% extract) approached the average salivary pH of P0+ (commercial mouthwash). Besides, there was a significant effect of 21-day of treatment to the respondents that is showed by F (4.20) = 20.57, ρ (0.01) = 4.43. The conclusion of this study is the administration of P amaryllifolius extract with nanoemulsion technique can be used as a natural mouthwash which is to maintain the salivary pH.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Indonesia is a country with the 7th largest population of Diabetes mellitus sufferers in the world in 2015. Many people use plants as diabetes mellitus drugs, in Indonesia More than 500 types of plants have been shown to have hypoglycemic activity because these plants contain compounds that are efficacious as anti-diabetic. This study was aimed to determine as many types of plants as possible that are used as medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus in Beutong sub-district, Nagan Raya district. This research was conducted by conducting interviews with 100 respondents aged 18-60 years who knew information about plants used for Diabetes mellitus.This study used the method of interview, observation, and identification (PlantNet). The results found as many as 29 species of plants from 26 families. Myrtaceae family as the most numerous plants with the number of species as much as 10% and the family Fabaceae with the number of species as much as 7%. Leaves are the part that is most widely used as medicine and the majority of people process it in a different way. Consume by drinking more than by chewing and the recommended dose for consumption is 2 times a day after meals. Benefits for researchers can add information about medicinal plants for diabetes mellitus utilized by the people of Beutong District, Nagan Raya Regency and become one of the references for public knowledge traditional, and become a reference material for students in conducting research next.