Directed control of the process of structure formation of a cement composite from modern positions must be carried out taking into account the synergistic effect of its components. In particular, the cement composite, when applied with pozzolanic additives and fiber reinforcement, is transformed into a more complex material with excellent performance. The aim of the article is to study the combined action of nanomodified basalt fiber (NBF) and bottom ash (BA) as structural elements of concrete. To achieve this aim, a number of tasks were performed, including the development of nanomodified-basalt-fiber–bottom-ash–cement concretes, as well as the study of their fresh, physical and mechanical properties (flowability, average density, compressive and flexural strength, elastic modulus and crack resistance) and durability characteristics (water, frost and abrasion resistance). A series of nanomodified basalt-fiber-reinforced concretes (from 0 to 7 wt.% NBF) were developed, in which the economical Portland cement CEM I 32.5 N was replaced by up to 45 wt.% mechanically activated bottom ash residue (400 m²/kg). An economical superplasticizer with a high water-reducing capacity (35%) made it possible to achieve uniform flowability of the mixes (slump 20–22 cm and slump flow 45–52 cm). The combined effect of BA and NBF provides control over the structure formation of cement materials, which ensures the redistribution of internal stresses from shrinkage deformations throughout the entire volume of the composite; under loading, the process of crack formation slows down, the stress concentration near structural defects decreases, and stresses are redistributed in the microstructure of the cement composite between its components. Perfect values of mechanical properties (compressive strength up to 59.2 MPa, flexural strength up to 17.8 MPa, elastic modulus up to 52.6 GPa, critical stress intensity factor 0.507 MPa m^0.5) are explained by the complex action of the ash residue and nanomodified basalt fibers. A mix with 30 wt.% BA and 5 wt.% NBF is characterized by water resistance grade W18, frost resistance class F400 and abrasion resistance 0.59 g/cm², which confirms the high wear resistance of the developed materials.

Within the model of the mechanics of contact interaction and on the basis of the experimental data there has been examined a number of tasks that allow us to determine the dependence of the wear resistance of composite materials from changes in their structural parameters. The solutions presented in integral form include both geometric parameters of hardened areas and tribological properties of the materials. Using these solutions, the structure of cement compositions was optimized by application of the numerical experiment and response surface methodology. Optimum parameters of the wear surface for the production of high-abrasion-resistance materials were found which agree with the results of experimental data.

The results of earlier experimental work and numerical calculations to determine the effects of technological parameters on abrasion resistance of concrete are summarized and new data presented. The dependences of the near-surface stress-strain state on the geometric and stiffness parameters are analyzed. Particular attention paid to the stages preceding the destruction of the adhesion interaction between cement matrix and grains. Numerical calculations were carried out in the ANSYS software. This numerical model may be useful for understanding heterogeneous material behavior in terms of wear, depending on structure geometrical characteristics, material mechanical properties and interactions occurring in the near surface layer. Adhesive laws gives very interesting advantages, of which the most important is to model the evolution of damage throughout the life of the building constructions.

Femtosecond laser nanostructuring of metal surfaces is a powerful tool for improvement of their various properties. Namely, increase of optical absorption ("black metals"), superhydrophobity, surface hardening, as well as improvement of tribological properties have been reported previously. Here we show the improvement of bond slip of nanostructured reinforcement bars with concrete. We demonstrate strong dependence of straining force and pulling force on the regime of surface nanostructuring. In particular, two-fold increase of straining force and pulling force can be achieved at the highest fluence in the regime of "black metal". Our finding has high practical importance for advanced civil engineering.