During the last few decades, ion exchange materials have evolved from laboratory tool to industrial products with significant technical and commercial impact. The current paper briefly summarizes the history of the development of the ion exchange materials. The paper defines the ion exchange materials and their types. The paper signifies the kinetics involved in the ion exchange process with description of factors affecting the rate of ion exchange. The mechanism of ion exchange has also been delineated through schematic diagram, illustrating that there are two types of diffusion, film and particle controlled diffusion. A brief of mathematical approach for kinetics of ion exchange has also been incorporated.

COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken the lives of millions of people across the globe. Researchers are working on the development of different aids to cure and prevent the disease. Personal protection equipment (PPE) has become an essential prerequisite for healthcare workers. PPE kits are reported to provide sufficient protection against pathogens but their disposal can be devastating to environment. The proper disposal of PPE is being taken care of by the national authorities according to the guidelines provided by WHO.The plethora of disposed PPE kits will further increase the burden of polymer on our earth.This review presents a strategy to dispose the PPE kits by their conversion to alternative fuel.

One of the biggest problems our world is currently facing is climate change caused by rising atmospheric CO₂ levels.