The oxygen saturation (SpO ₂ ) of human tissue can be measured and the SpO ₂ distribution diagram can be built by irradiating the tissue with two wavelengths of light-red (660 nm) and near-infrared [(NIR) 890 nm]. In this paper, two analysis methods are employed to calibrate the measurement accuracy of skin oxygen-saturation imaging (SOSI) system. In addition, to compute the skin tissue oxygen saturation, the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO ₂ ) and SpO ₂ of nine subjects are measured using transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO ₂ ) measurement and SOSI system. The results show the measurement deviation reduced considerably when the center distance between the central region and calculated region is less than 10 mm. Furthermore, the PaO ₂ at the interdigital fold between the thumb and the index finger exhibits greater variation (43-61 mmHg), and the converted SpO ₂ from TcPO ₂ ranges from 78% to 91%. By employing SOSI system, the SpO ₂ levels obtained at the dorsum of hand range from 85% to 93%, which is slightly higher (2%-7%) than those measured using TcPO ₂ system. This is because: 1) more vessels are located at the region that is measured using SOSI system than that measured using TcPO ₂ and 2) more NIR light is absorbed by subcutaneous fat using SOSI system than theoretical simulations. In the future, the SOSI system could provide SpO ₂ information to clinicians for diagnosing the health status of patients' cardiovascular system from the variation of SpO ₂ distribution diagrams between the tissue and vascular regions, and even in different parts of the human body.

Purpose: – The purpose of this paper is to collate relevant literature on the theoretical background of regional innovation systems and factors that impact the operational effectiveness of regional innovation systems. Design/methodology/approach: – The collated information is then used to determine the opinions of experts from industries within science-based parks, and the scholars on the researches of regional innovation systems in Taiwan. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to evaluate the critical factors of regional innovation systems. Findings: – This study finds that industry cluster effects constitute the most significant operating factor for regional innovation systems within the Taiwanese science-based parks. In addition, this study not only confirms that partners or parent firm location which were advocated by Tödtling et al. are also critical to Taiwanese regional innovation systems, but also verifies how well the relationships to partners or parent firm are equally important for expansion the regional innovation systems. Research limitations/implications: – The concepts of regional innovation system have been established since 1990, and related articles have been published from European and Asian scholars, however, seldom does literature offer questionnaires or research items to measure the operational effectiveness of a regional innovation system. Therefore this study has developed a questionnaire, by reviewing literature and verifying it by the AHP method, with Taiwan’s HsinChu Science Park as the subject case. For the contribution on theories, this study inducted the construction of new innovation environments, new interactional behavior in regional organization innovation, and injection of new resources into regional innovation as the three main constructs to influence the operational effectiveness of regional innovation systems. In addition, this study has used experts’ questionnaire answers and the AHP method to clarify the priority of factors to operate the regional innovation system. Practical implications: – Industry cluster effect, construction of knowledge infrastructure and how close partners or parent firm are (distance and relationship) are the top three factors in HsinChu Science Park. The duties of the government are not merely picking good firms for the regional innovation system, but also making policies and defining regimes, providing a good business environment for campus firms, universities, and research institutions, as well as offering plenty of R & D funding to encourage industry-academia cooperation. Governments must invest in infrastructures, such as: establishing databases, libraries, information networks, the national technical standards for certification, and other public services, to facilitate industry-academia cooperation. Social implications: – These research results indicate the operating essentials of regional innovation systems are not limited to interactions among regional organizations. This study suggests that the success or failure of a new regional innovation system would instead, be dependent on the regional environment, as in software planning and support, as well as the relationship of innovation with policy implementation and administration. Originality/value: – Results showed that the top-five factors influencing the operational effectiveness of regional innovation systems are the industry cluster effect, the construction of knowledge infrastructure, how close to partner’s or parent’s firm (distance and relationship), import of foreign capital and technology, and the implementation of regional innovation policy.

The widely used rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses provide higher oxygen permeability and tear exchange rate than do soft contact lenses. However, their wettability warrants improvement to enhance the wearing comfort. This study used UV laser (wavelength = 355 nm) to modify the surface properties of RGP contact lenses with materials of Boston XO^® (Bausch & Lomb Incorporated). Briefly, the mesh pattern was fabricated on the RGP contact lens surface by using the laser and smoothed by using oxygen plasma; the enhanced hydrophilic efficiency was analyzed using contact angle measurement. The experiment results indicated that the contact angle of the lens material decreased by approximately 10°–20° when the pitch of mesh pattern was <50 μm under a 500-mm/s scanning speed. The oxygen plasma enhanced surface wettability with a decreased contact angle (40°). The hydrophilic characteristic of the UV laser and oxygen plasma–treated surface was twice that of oxygen plasma–treated and untreated surfaces. In the future, RGP contact lens edges could be treated with UV laser and oxygen plasma to enhance the tear wettability and wearing comfort.